|
| 1 | +## 题目地址 |
| 2 | +https://leetcode.com/problems/lfu-cache/ |
| 3 | + |
| 4 | +## 题目描述 |
| 5 | + |
| 6 | +``` |
| 7 | +Design and implement a data structure for Least Frequently Used (LFU) cache. It should support the following operations: get and put. |
| 8 | +
|
| 9 | +get(key) - Get the value (will always be positive) of the key if the key exists in the cache, otherwise return -1. |
| 10 | +put(key, value) - Set or insert the value if the key is not already present. When the cache reaches its capacity, it should invalidate the least frequently used item before inserting a new item. For the purpose of this problem, when there is a tie (i.e., two or more keys that have the same frequency), the least recently used key would be evicted. |
| 11 | +
|
| 12 | +Follow up: |
| 13 | +Could you do both operations in O(1) time complexity? |
| 14 | +
|
| 15 | +Example: |
| 16 | +
|
| 17 | +LFUCache cache = new LFUCache( 2 /* capacity */ ); |
| 18 | +
|
| 19 | +cache.put(1, 1); |
| 20 | +cache.put(2, 2); |
| 21 | +cache.get(1); // returns 1 |
| 22 | +cache.put(3, 3); // evicts key 2 |
| 23 | +cache.get(2); // returns -1 (not found) |
| 24 | +cache.get(3); // returns 3. |
| 25 | +cache.put(4, 4); // evicts key 1. |
| 26 | +cache.get(1); // returns -1 (not found) |
| 27 | +cache.get(3); // returns 3 |
| 28 | +cache.get(4); // returns 4 |
| 29 | +``` |
| 30 | + |
| 31 | +## 思路 |
| 32 | +[LFU(Least frequently used)](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Least_frequently_used) 但内存容量满的情况下,有新的数据进来,需要更多空间的时候,就需要删除被访问频率最少的元素。 |
| 33 | + |
| 34 | +举个例子,比如说cache容量是 3,按顺序依次放入 `1,2,1,2,1,3`, cache已存满 3 个元素 (1,2,3), 这时如果想放入一个新的元素 4 的时候,就需要腾出一个元素空间。 |
| 35 | +用 LFU,这里就淘汰 3, 因为 3 的次数只出现依次, 1 和 2 出现的次数都比 3 多。 |
| 36 | + |
| 37 | + |
| 38 | +题中 `get` 和 `put` 都是 `O(1)`的时间复杂度,那么删除和增加都是`O(1)`,可以想到用双链表,和`HashMap`,用一个`HashMap, nodeMap,` 保存当前`key`,和 `node{key, value, frequent} `的映射。 |
| 39 | +这样`get(key)`的操作就是`O(1)`. 如果要删除一个元素,那么就需要另一个`HashMap,freqMap,`保存元素出现次数`(frequent)`和双链表`(DoublyLinkedlist)` 映射, |
| 40 | +这里双链表存的是frequent相同的元素。每次`get`或`put`的时候,`frequent+1`,然后把`node`插入到双链表的`head node, head.next=node` |
| 41 | +每次删除`freqent`最小的双链表的`tail node, tail.prev`。 |
| 42 | + |
| 43 | +用给的例子举例说明: |
| 44 | + ``` |
| 45 | + 1. put(1, 1), |
| 46 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=1对应的value, |
| 47 | + 没有就新建node(key, value, freq) -> node1(1, 1, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[1, node1]} |
| 48 | + - 查找freqMap中有没有freq=1 对应的value, |
| 49 | + 没有就新建doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把node1 插入doublylinkedlist head->next = node1. |
| 50 | + 如下图, |
| 51 | + ``` |
| 52 | + |
| 53 | + ``` |
| 54 | + 2. put(2, 2), |
| 55 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=2对应的value, |
| 56 | + 没有就新建node(key, value, freq) -> node2(2, 2, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[1, node1], [2, node2]} |
| 57 | + - 查找freqMap中有没有freq=1 对应的value, |
| 58 | + 没有就新建doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把node2 插入doublylinkedlist head->next = node2. |
| 59 | + 如下图, |
| 60 | + ``` |
| 61 | + |
| 62 | + ``` |
| 63 | + 3. get(1), |
| 64 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=1对应的value,nodeMap:{[1, node1], [2, node2]}, |
| 65 | + 找到node1,把node1 freq+1 -> node1(1,1,2) |
| 66 | + - 更新freqMap,删除freq=1,node1 |
| 67 | + - 更新freqMap,插入freq=2,node1 |
| 68 | + 如下图, |
| 69 | + ``` |
| 70 | + |
| 71 | + ``` |
| 72 | + 4. put(3, 3), |
| 73 | + - 判断cache的capacity,已满,需要淘汰使用次数最少的元素,找到最小的freq=1,删除双链表tail node.prev |
| 74 | + 如果tailnode.prev != null, 删除。然后从nodeMap中删除对应的key。 |
| 75 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=3对应的value, |
| 76 | + 没有就新建node(key, value, freq) -> node3(3, 3, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[1, node1], [3, node3]} |
| 77 | + - 查找freqMap中有没有freq=1 对应的value, |
| 78 | + 没有就新建doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把node3 插入doublylinkedlist head->next = node3. |
| 79 | + 如下图, |
| 80 | + ``` |
| 81 | + |
| 82 | + ``` |
| 83 | + 5. get(2) |
| 84 | + - 查找nodeMap,如果没有对应的key的value,返回 -1。 |
| 85 | + |
| 86 | + 6. get(3) |
| 87 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=3对应的value,nodeMap:{[1, node1], [3, node3]}, |
| 88 | + 找到node3,把node3 freq+1 -> node3(3,3,2) |
| 89 | + - 更新freqMap,删除freq=1,node3 |
| 90 | + - 更新freqMap,插入freq=2,node3 |
| 91 | + 如下图, |
| 92 | + ``` |
| 93 | + |
| 94 | + ``` |
| 95 | + 7. put(4, 4), |
| 96 | + - 判断cache的capacity,已满,需要淘汰使用次数最少的元素,找到最小的freq=1,删除双链表tail node.prev |
| 97 | + 如果tailnode.prev != null, 删除。然后从nodeMap中删除对应的key。 |
| 98 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=4对应的value, |
| 99 | + 没有就新建node(key, value, freq) -> node4(4, 4, 1), 插入 nodeMap,{[4, node4], [3, node3]} |
| 100 | + - 查找freqMap中有没有freq=1 对应的value, |
| 101 | + 没有就新建doublylinkedlist(head, tail), 把 node4 插入doublylinkedlist head->next = node4. |
| 102 | + 如下图, |
| 103 | + ``` |
| 104 | + |
| 105 | + ``` |
| 106 | + 8. get(1) |
| 107 | + - 查找nodeMap,如果没有对应的key的value,返回 -1。 |
| 108 | + |
| 109 | + 9. get(3) |
| 110 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=3对应的value,nodeMap:{[4, node4], [3, node3]}, |
| 111 | + 找到node3,把node3 freq+1 -> node3(3,3,3) |
| 112 | + - 更新freqMap,删除freq=2,node3 |
| 113 | + - 更新freqMap,插入freq=3,node3 |
| 114 | + 如下图, |
| 115 | + ``` |
| 116 | + |
| 117 | + ``` |
| 118 | + 10. get(4) |
| 119 | + - 首先查找nodeMap中有没有key=4对应的value,nodeMap:{[4, node4], [3, node3]}, |
| 120 | + 找到node4,把node4 freq+1 -> node4(4,4,2) |
| 121 | + - 更新freqMap,删除freq=1,node4 |
| 122 | + - 更新freqMap,插入freq=2,node4 |
| 123 | + 如下图, |
| 124 | + ``` |
| 125 | + |
| 126 | + |
| 127 | +## 关键点分析 |
| 128 | +用两个`Map`分别保存 `nodeMap {key, node}` 和 `freqMap{frequent, DoublyLinkedList}`。 |
| 129 | +实现`get` 和 `put`操作都是`O(1)`的时间复杂度。 |
| 130 | + |
| 131 | +可以用Java自带的一些数据结构,比如HashLinkedHashSet,这样就不需要自己自建Node,DoublelyLinkedList。 |
| 132 | +可以很大程度的缩减代码量。 |
| 133 | + |
| 134 | +## 代码(Java code) |
| 135 | +```java |
| 136 | +public class LC460LFUCache { |
| 137 | + class Node { |
| 138 | + int key, val, freq; |
| 139 | + Node prev, next; |
| 140 | + |
| 141 | + Node(int key, int val) { |
| 142 | + this.key = key; |
| 143 | + this.val = val; |
| 144 | + freq = 1; |
| 145 | + } |
| 146 | + } |
| 147 | + |
| 148 | + class DoubleLinkedList { |
| 149 | + private Node head; |
| 150 | + private Node tail; |
| 151 | + private int size; |
| 152 | + |
| 153 | + DoubleLinkedList() { |
| 154 | + head = new Node(0, 0); |
| 155 | + tail = new Node(0, 0); |
| 156 | + head.next = tail; |
| 157 | + tail.prev = head; |
| 158 | + } |
| 159 | + |
| 160 | + void add(Node node) { |
| 161 | + head.next.prev = node; |
| 162 | + node.next = head.next; |
| 163 | + node.prev = head; |
| 164 | + head.next = node; |
| 165 | + size++; |
| 166 | + } |
| 167 | + |
| 168 | + void remove(Node node) { |
| 169 | + node.prev.next = node.next; |
| 170 | + node.next.prev = node.prev; |
| 171 | + size--; |
| 172 | + } |
| 173 | + |
| 174 | + // always remove last node if last node exists |
| 175 | + Node removeLast() { |
| 176 | + if (size > 0) { |
| 177 | + Node node = tail.prev; |
| 178 | + remove(node); |
| 179 | + return node; |
| 180 | + } else return null; |
| 181 | + } |
| 182 | + } |
| 183 | + |
| 184 | + // cache capacity |
| 185 | + private int capacity; |
| 186 | + // min frequent |
| 187 | + private int minFreq; |
| 188 | + Map<Integer, Node> nodeMap; |
| 189 | + Map<Integer, DoubleLinkedList> freqMap; |
| 190 | + public LC460LFUCache(int capacity) { |
| 191 | + this.minFreq = 0; |
| 192 | + this.capacity = capacity; |
| 193 | + nodeMap = new HashMap<>(); |
| 194 | + freqMap = new HashMap<>(); |
| 195 | + } |
| 196 | + |
| 197 | + public int get(int key) { |
| 198 | + Node node = nodeMap.get(key); |
| 199 | + if (node == null) return -1; |
| 200 | + update(node); |
| 201 | + return node.val; |
| 202 | + } |
| 203 | + |
| 204 | + public void put(int key, int value) { |
| 205 | + if (capacity == 0) return; |
| 206 | + Node node; |
| 207 | + if (nodeMap.containsKey(key)) { |
| 208 | + node = nodeMap.get(key); |
| 209 | + node.val = value; |
| 210 | + update(node); |
| 211 | + } else { |
| 212 | + node = new Node(key, value); |
| 213 | + nodeMap.put(key, node); |
| 214 | + if (nodeMap.size() == capacity) { |
| 215 | + DoubleLinkedList lastList = freqMap.get(minFreq); |
| 216 | + nodeMap.remove(lastList.removeLast().key); |
| 217 | + } |
| 218 | + minFreq = 1; |
| 219 | + DoubleLinkedList newList = freqMap.getOrDefault(node.freq, new DoubleLinkedList()); |
| 220 | + newList.add(node); |
| 221 | + freqMap.put(node.freq, newList); |
| 222 | + } |
| 223 | + } |
| 224 | + |
| 225 | + private void update(Node node) { |
| 226 | + DoubleLinkedList oldList = freqMap.get(node.freq); |
| 227 | + oldList.remove(node); |
| 228 | + if (node.freq == minFreq && oldList.size == 0) minFreq++; |
| 229 | + node.freq++; |
| 230 | + DoubleLinkedList newList = freqMap.getOrDefault(node.freq, new DoubleLinkedList()); |
| 231 | + newList.add(node); |
| 232 | + freqMap.put(node.freq, newList); |
| 233 | + } |
| 234 | + } |
| 235 | +``` |
| 236 | + |
| 237 | +## 参考(References) |
| 238 | +1. [LFU(Least frequently used) Cache](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Least_frequently_used) |
| 239 | +2. [Leetcode discussion mylzsd](https://leetcode.com/problems/lfu-cache/discuss/94547/Java-O(1)-Solution-Using-Two-HashMap-and-One-DoubleLinkedList) |
| 240 | +3. [Leetcode discussion aaaeeeo](https://leetcode.com/problems/lfu-cache/discuss/94547/Java-O(1)-Solution-Using-Two-HashMap-and-One-DoubleLinkedList) |
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