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* Definiteness ([Definite]()) is marked morphologically on nouns and other nominal words.
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Only the definite forms distinguish [Number]().
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*[Case]() has 15 possible values: `Abs`, `Erg`, `Gen`, `Dat`, `Ins`, `Par`, `Loc`, `Lat`, `Abl`, `Ine`, `All`, `Ben`, `Cau`, `Com`, `Ess`.
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It occurs with the nominal words, i.e., [NOUN](), [PROPN](), [PRON](), [ADJ](), [DET](), [NUM]().
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It normally marked at the end of a noun phrase, that is, if a noun is post-modified by an adjective,
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the case suffix and the feature will appear on the adjective but not on the noun.
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### Degree and Polarity
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*[Degree]() applies to adjectives ([ADJ]()) and has one of three possible values: `Cmp`, `Sup`, `Abs`.
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*[Polarity]() has two values, `Pos` and `Neg`. The most frequent is `Polarity=Neg` with the negative
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particle _ez_ (“not”). However, the feature also occurs with some verbs and auxiliaries.
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### Verbal Features
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*[Aspect]() has four possible values: imperfective (`Imp`), perfective (`Perf`), progressive (`Prog`), prospective (`Prosp`).
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Perfective and prospective are two different forms of participles (_izan_ vs. _izango_),
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while the progressive denotes a subset of the finite forms.
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* There is no tense feature. Basque clauses express aspect rather than tense; although there is a correlation,
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perfective forms are likely to be used in past contexts, prospective in future contexts.
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* Finite verbs always have one of five values of [Mood](): `Ind`, `Imp`, `Cnd`, `Sub`, `Pot`.
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* There are morphologically marked causative verbs, which is annotated as the [Voice]() feature (`Voice=Cau`).
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The default form is left unannotated, i.e., `Voice=Act` is not used. There is no passive form.
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* Layered features are used to cross-reference features of core arguments of the verb:
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*[Person[abs]](), [Number[abs]]() and [Polite[abs]]() express the person, number and politeness of the absolutive argument
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(subject of intransitive verbs, object of transitive verbs).
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*[Person[erg]](), [Number[erg]](), [Gender[erg]]() and [Polite[erg]]() express the person, number, gender and politeness of the ergative argument
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(subject of transitive and some intransitive verbs).
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*[Person[dat]](), [Number[dat]](), [Gender[dat]]() and [Polite[dat]]() express the person, number, gender and politeness of the dative argument
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(subject of some verbs and object of some other verbs).
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### Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers
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*[PronType]() is used with pronouns ([PRON]()) and adverbs ([ADV]()).
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Currently it only distinguishes personal pronouns and interrogatives.
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*[NumType]() is used with numerals ([NUM](), `NumType=Card`) and adjectives ([ADJ](), `NumType=Ord`).
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*[Person]() is a lexical feature of personal pronouns ([PRON]()) and has three values, `1`, `2` and `3`.
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* As a cross-reference to core arguments, person is also marked on finite verbs ([VERB](), [AUX]()).
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However, layered features are used there to distinguish which argument is being referenced.
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*
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## Syntax
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---
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**Instruction**: Describe inherent and inflectional features for major word classes (at least NOUN and VERB). Describe other noteworthy features. Include links to language-specific feature definitions if any.
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This is an overview only. For more detailed discussion and examples, see the list of [Basque relations](dep/index.html).
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---
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### Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts
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## Syntax
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* Nominal subject ([nsubj]()) is a noun phrase in the absolutive, ergative or dative case, without preposition.
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* Intransitive predicates typically have absolutive subjects, but some of them have ergative or dative subjects.
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* For transitive predicates that take ergative and absolutive/dative, the ergative argument is the subject.
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* For transitive predicates that take dative and absolutive, the dative argument is the subject.
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* A finite subordinate clause may serve as the subject and is labeled `csubj`.
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* For transitive predicates, the other argument (the one that is not subject according to the above rules)
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is the direct object ([obj]()).
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* Ditransitive predicates take three arguments (ergative, dative, and absolutive).
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Here the dative argument is labeled as indirect object ([iobj]()).
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*
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### Relations Overview
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---
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**Instruction**: Give criteria for identifying core arguments (subjects and objects), and describe the range of copula constructions in nonverbal clauses. List all subtype relations used. Include links to language-specific relations definitions if any.
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---
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* The only subtype currently used in the Basque treebank (since UD 2.11) is [nsubj:outer]()
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for outer subjects in non-verbal clauses where the non-verbal predicate is a nested clause.
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* The following relation types are not used in Basque at all:
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