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What Are Exceptions?

In programming, exceptions are special conditions or errors that occur during the execution of a program. They disrupt the normal flow of a program and require special handling to ensure the program can continue running or terminate gracefully.

Types of Exceptions in Python

Python has several built-in exception types that represent different error conditions:

  • Exception: The base class for all built-in exceptions. Custom exceptions should inherit from this class.
  • ValueError: Raised when a function receives an argument of the right type but inappropriate value.
  • TypeError: Raised when an operation or function is applied to an object of inappropriate type.
  • IndexError: Raised when trying to access an index that is out of range in a list or other sequence types.
  • KeyError: Raised when trying to access a dictionary with a key that doesn’t exist.
  • ZeroDivisionError: Raised when dividing a number by zero.

Files

  1. basic_exceptions.py: Covers handling built-in exceptions.
  2. custom_exceptions.py: Shows how to create and use custom exceptions.

basic_exceptions.py

This script demonstrates handling Python's built-in exceptions with practical examples:

  • divide_numbers(num1, num2): Divides two numbers and handles:

    • ZeroDivisionError: When dividing by zero.
    • TypeError: When the arguments are not numbers.

  • access_list_element(my_list, index): Accesses an element in a list and handles:

    • IndexError: When the index is out of range.

custom_exceptions.py

This script includes:

  1. Custom Exceptions: Defined to handle specific errors related to account management.
  2. BankAccount Class: Manages an account's balance with deposit and withdrawal methods.

Custom Exceptions

  • AccountError: Base class for all custom exceptions related to accounts.
  • InsufficientFundsError: Raised when an attempt is made to withdraw more money than the account balance.
  • InvalidAmountError: Raised when a transaction amount is invalid (e.g., negative or zero).

BankAccount Class

  • __init__(self, balance): Initializes the bank account with a starting balance.
  • deposit(self, amount): Adds money to the account. Raises InvalidAmountError if the amount is not positive.
  • withdraw(self, amount): Removes money from the account. Raises InsufficientFundsError if there are insufficient funds or InvalidAmountError if the amount is not positive.
  • get_balance(self): Returns the current account balance.