diff --git a/flax/nnx/bridge/__init__.py b/flax/nnx/bridge/__init__.py
index 880dc1bf..cb5d8fb6 100644
--- a/flax/nnx/bridge/__init__.py
+++ b/flax/nnx/bridge/__init__.py
@@ -26,5 +26,6 @@
 from .module import compact as compact
 from .module import current_context as current_context
 from .module import current_module as current_module
-from .interop import wrap_nnx_mdl as wrap_nnx_mdl
+from .interop import nnx_in_bridge_mdl as nnx_in_bridge_mdl
+from .interop import linen_in_bridge_mdl as linen_in_bridge_mdl
 from flax.nnx.nn import initializers as initializers
diff --git a/flax/nnx/bridge/interop.py b/flax/nnx/bridge/interop.py
index 7b1695a2..4029b0bd 100644
--- a/flax/nnx/bridge/interop.py
+++ b/flax/nnx/bridge/interop.py
@@ -14,18 +14,32 @@
 
 import typing as tp
 
+from flax.linen import module as nn_module
 from flax.nnx import graph, rnglib
+from flax.nnx.bridge import wrappers
 from flax.nnx.bridge import module as bdg_module
 import flax.nnx.module as nnx_module
 from flax.nnx.transforms.transforms import eval_shape as nnx_eval_shape
 from flax.nnx.transforms.compilation import jit as nnx_jit
 
 
-def wrap_nnx_mdl(factory: tp.Callable[[rnglib.Rngs], nnx_module.Module],
-                 name: str | None = None):
-  """Create module at init time, or make abstract module and let parent bind it with its state. Use current bridge module scope for RNG generation."""
+def nnx_in_bridge_mdl(factory: tp.Callable[[rnglib.Rngs], nnx_module.Module],
+                      name: str | None = None) -> nnx_module.Module:
+  """Make pure NNX modules a submodule of a bridge module.
+
+  Create module at init time, or make abstract module and let parent bind
+  it with its state.
+  Use current bridge module scope for RNG generation.
+
+  Args:
+    factory: a function that takes an `nnx.Rngs` arg and returns an NNX module.
+    name: the name of the module. Only used during `bridge.compact` functions;
+      in setup() function the user will set it to an attribute explicitly.
+  Returns:
+    A submodule (`nnx.Module`) of the bridge module.
+  """
   parent_ctx, parent = bdg_module.current_context(), bdg_module.current_module()
-  assert parent_ctx is not None and parent is not None, 'wrap_nnx_mdl only needed inside bridge Module'
+  assert parent_ctx is not None and parent is not None, 'nnx_in_bridge_mdl() only needed inside bridge Module'
   parent = parent_ctx.module
   assert parent.scope is not None
 
@@ -50,3 +64,26 @@ def rng_state(rngs):
       name = bdg_module._auto_submodule_name(parent_ctx, type(module))
     setattr(parent, name, module)
   return module
+
+
+def linen_in_bridge_mdl(linen_module: nn_module.Module,
+                        name: str | None = None) -> nnx_module.Module:
+  """Make Linen modules a submodule of a bridge module using wrappers.ToNNX().
+
+  Args:
+    linen_module: the underlying Linen module instance.
+    name: the name of the module. Only used during `bridge.compact` functions;
+      in setup() function the user will set it to an attribute explicitly.
+  Returns:
+    A submodule (`nnx.Module`) of the bridge module.
+  """
+  parent_ctx, parent = bdg_module.current_context(), bdg_module.current_module()
+  assert parent_ctx is not None and parent is not None, 'linen_in_bridge_mdl() only needed inside bridge Module'
+  assert parent.scope is not None
+  module = wrappers.ToNNX(linen_module, parent.scope.rngs)
+  wrappers._set_initializing(module, parent.is_initializing())
+  if parent_ctx.in_compact:
+    if name is None:
+      name = bdg_module._auto_submodule_name(parent_ctx, type(linen_module))
+    setattr(parent, name, module)
+  return module
diff --git a/flax/nnx/bridge/module.py b/flax/nnx/bridge/module.py
index 3f9b5d32..772fd5db 100644
--- a/flax/nnx/bridge/module.py
+++ b/flax/nnx/bridge/module.py
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 from flax import errors
 from flax.core import meta
+from flax.core.scope import CollectionFilter
 from flax.core.frozen_dict import FrozenDict
 from flax.nnx import graph, rnglib, statelib, traversals
 from flax.nnx import variablelib
@@ -63,11 +64,12 @@ class ModuleState(statelib.State):
 
 
 class Scope(Object):
-  def __init__(self, rngs: rnglib.Rngs):
+  def __init__(self, rngs: rnglib.Rngs, mutable: CollectionFilter):
     self.rngs = rngs
+    self.mutable = mutable
 
   def copy(self):
-    return Scope(self.rngs)
+    return Scope(self.rngs, self.mutable)
 
 
 class _HasSetup(tp.Protocol):
@@ -365,7 +367,7 @@ def apply(
     *args,
     rngs: int | jax.Array | dict[str, jax.Array] | rnglib.Rngs | None = None,
     method: tp.Callable[..., tp.Any] | str = '__call__',
-    mutable: tp.Any = False,
+    mutable: CollectionFilter = False,
     _initialize: bool = False,
     **kwargs,
   ) -> tp.Any:
@@ -422,7 +424,7 @@ def to_variable(value):
       if isinstance(value, Object):
         value._object__state._initializing = _initialize
       if isinstance(value, Module):
-        value.scope = Scope(rngs)
+        value.scope = Scope(rngs, mutable)
         _maybe_call_setup(value)
 
     MODULE_CONTEXT.module_stack.append(
@@ -517,3 +519,4 @@ def _get_unbound_fn(method_or_fn: tp.Callable) -> tp.Callable:
     raise errors.ApplyModuleInvalidMethodError(method_or_fn)
 
   return method_or_fn
+
diff --git a/flax/nnx/bridge/wrappers.py b/flax/nnx/bridge/wrappers.py
index 7fd65106..597a112b 100644
--- a/flax/nnx/bridge/wrappers.py
+++ b/flax/nnx/bridge/wrappers.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 from flax.nnx import graph
 from flax.nnx import variablelib
 from flax.nnx.bridge import variables as bv
+from flax.nnx.bridge import module as bdg_module
 from flax.nnx.module import Module
 from flax.nnx.object import Object
 from flax.nnx.rnglib import Rngs
@@ -124,7 +125,6 @@ def __init__(
   ):
     self.module = module
     self.rngs = rngs
-    self.linen_attributes: tuple[str, ...] = ()
 
   def lazy_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
     """A shortcut of calling `nnx.bridge.lazy_init()` upon this module."""
@@ -140,9 +140,7 @@ def __call__(
       rngs = self.rngs
     if self._object__state.initializing:
       _rngs = (
-        {name: stream.key.raw_value for name, stream in rngs.items()}
-        if rngs
-        else {}
+        {name: stream() for name, stream in rngs.items()} if rngs else {}
       )
       # rename default to params
       if 'params' not in _rngs and 'default' in _rngs:
@@ -150,36 +148,41 @@ def __call__(
       out, variables = self.module.init_with_output(_rngs, *args, method=method, **kwargs)
 
       nnx_attrs = bv.linen_vars_to_nnx_attrs(variables)
-      linen_attributes = set(self.linen_attributes)
       for attr_name, value in nnx_attrs.items():
         setattr(self, attr_name, value)
-        linen_attributes.add(attr_name)
-      self.linen_attributes = tuple(linen_attributes)  # make it hashable
 
     else:
-      nnx_attrs = {name: getattr(self, name) for name in self.linen_attributes}
+      nnx_attrs = {k: v for k, v in vars(self).items()
+                   if k not in ['module', 'rngs', '_object__state']}
       variables = bv.nnx_attrs_to_linen_vars(nnx_attrs)
 
       _rngs = (
         {name: stream() for name, stream in rngs.items()} if rngs else {}
       )
+
+      # Get `mutable` from top level bridge.Module context if any
+      if (m := bdg_module.current_module()) is not None:
+        assert m.scope is not None
+        mutable = m.scope.mutable
+        if 'mutable' in kwargs and kwargs['mutable'] != mutable:
+          raise ValueError(
+            f"Multiple `mutable` arguments detected: {mutable} at top level vs "
+            f"{kwargs['mutable']} in ToNNX() call")
+        kwargs['mutable'] = mutable
+
       out = self.module.apply(variables, *args, rngs=_rngs, method=method, **kwargs)
 
     # Split out the updates if `mutable` is passed into the Flax module
     if kwargs.get('mutable', False) != False:
       out, updates = out
       nnx_attrs = bv.linen_vars_to_nnx_attrs(updates)
-      linen_attributes = set(self.linen_attributes)
       for attr_name, value in nnx_attrs.items():
-        linen_attributes.add(attr_name)
         if hasattr(self, attr_name) and isinstance(value, dict):
           original_tree = getattr(self, attr_name)
           setattr(self, attr_name, original_tree | value)
         else:
           setattr(self, attr_name, value)
 
-      self.linen_attributes = tuple(linen_attributes)  # make it hashable
-
     return out
 
 
diff --git a/tests/nnx/bridge/module_test.py b/tests/nnx/bridge/module_test.py
index 01170a09..a52b8cbb 100644
--- a/tests/nnx/bridge/module_test.py
+++ b/tests/nnx/bridge/module_test.py
@@ -319,8 +319,8 @@ def __call__(self, x):
     class BridgeMLP(bridge.Module):
       @bridge.compact
       def __call__(self, x):
-        x = nnx.bridge.wrap_nnx_mdl(lambda r: NNXLayer(8, 0.3, rngs=r))(x)
-        x = nnx.bridge.wrap_nnx_mdl(
+        x = bridge.nnx_in_bridge_mdl(lambda r: NNXLayer(8, 0.3, rngs=r))(x)
+        x = bridge.nnx_in_bridge_mdl(
           lambda r: NNXLayer(8, 0.3, rngs=r), name='another')(x)
         return x
 
@@ -345,7 +345,8 @@ def __call__(self, x):
 
     class BridgeMLPSetup(bridge.Module):
       def setup(self):
-        self.layer = nnx.bridge.wrap_nnx_mdl(lambda r: NNXLayer(8, 0.3, rngs=r))
+        self.layer = bridge.nnx_in_bridge_mdl(
+          lambda r: NNXLayer(8, 0.3, rngs=r))
       def __call__(self, x):
         return self.layer(x)
 
@@ -371,13 +372,67 @@ def generate_weights(r):
     class BridgeFoo(bridge.Module):
       @bridge.compact
       def __call__(self, x):
-        x = nnx.bridge.wrap_nnx_mdl(lambda r: FooStack(4, r.default()))(x)
+        x = bridge.nnx_in_bridge_mdl(lambda r: FooStack(4, r.default()))(x)
         return x
 
     model = BridgeFoo()
     v = model.init(jax.random.key(1), jnp.ones((1, 4)))
     y = model.apply(v, jnp.ones((1, 4)), rngs=jax.random.key(1))
 
+  def test_linen_submodule(self):
+    class LinenLayer(nn.Module):
+      dim: int
+      dropout_rate: float
+      def setup(self):
+        self.linear = nn.Dense(self.dim, use_bias=False)
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(self.dropout_rate, deterministic=False)
+
+      def __call__(self, x):
+        if not self.is_initializing():
+          self.sow('intermediates', 'count', 1,
+                    init_fn=lambda: 0, reduce_fn=lambda a, b: a + b)
+        x = self.linear(x)
+        x = self.dropout(x)
+        return x
+
+    class BridgeMLP(bridge.Module):
+      @bridge.compact
+      def __call__(self, x):
+        x = bridge.linen_in_bridge_mdl(LinenLayer(8, 0.3))(x)
+        x = bridge.linen_in_bridge_mdl(LinenLayer(8, 0.3), name='another')(x)
+        return x
+
+    model = BridgeMLP()
+    x = jax.random.normal(jax.random.key(0), (4, 8))
+    variables = model.init(jax.random.key(1), x)
+    self.assertFalse(jnp.array_equal(
+      variables['params']['LinenLayer_0']['linear']['kernel'],
+      variables['params']['another']['linear']['kernel'], ))
+
+    k1, k2, k3 = jax.random.split(jax.random.key(0), 3)
+    y1 = model.apply(variables, x, rngs={'params': k1, 'dropout': k2})
+    y2 = model.apply(variables, x, rngs={'params': k1, 'dropout': k3})
+    assert not jnp.array_equal(y1, y2)
+
+    _, updates = model.apply(variables, x, rngs={'params': k1, 'dropout': k3},
+                             mutable=True)
+    self.assertEqual(updates['intermediates']['LinenLayer_0']['count'], 1)
+
+    class BridgeMLPSetup(bridge.Module):
+      def setup(self):
+        self.layer = bridge.linen_in_bridge_mdl(LinenLayer(8, 0.3))
+      def __call__(self, x):
+        return self.layer(x)
+
+    model = BridgeMLPSetup()
+    variables = model.init(jax.random.key(1), x)
+    self.assertSameElements(variables['params'].keys(), ['layer'])
+    y1 = model.apply(variables, x, rngs={'params': k1, 'dropout': k2})
+    y2 = model.apply(variables, x, rngs={'params': k1, 'dropout': k3})
+    assert not jnp.array_equal(y1, y2)
+
+
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   absltest.main()
 
diff --git a/tests/nnx/bridge/wrappers_test.py b/tests/nnx/bridge/wrappers_test.py
index d142d839..cbe4b619 100644
--- a/tests/nnx/bridge/wrappers_test.py
+++ b/tests/nnx/bridge/wrappers_test.py
@@ -54,9 +54,10 @@ def test_linen_to_nnx(self):
     assert y.shape == (1, 64)
     self.assertIsInstance(model.kernel, nnx.Variable)
     # NNX automatically adds metadata box regardless of original Linen module.
-    linen_vars = linen_module.init(jax.random.key(0), x)
-    np.testing.assert_array_equal(linen_vars['params']['kernel'],
-                                  model.kernel.value)
+    linen_vars = {'params': {'kernel': model.kernel.value,
+                             'bias': model.bias.value}}
+    linen_y = linen_module.apply(linen_vars, x)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(y, linen_y)
 
   def test_linen_to_nnx_submodule(self):
     class NNXOuter(nnx.Module):
@@ -468,10 +469,11 @@ def __call__(self, x):
     # Test the RNG
     model = bridge.lazy_init(NNXOuter(dout=3, dropout_rate=0.5,
                                       rngs=nnx.Rngs(default=1, dropout=2)), x)
+    nnx.reseed(model, dropout=2)
     y1, y2 = model(x), model(x)
     # The dropout key of lowest NNX level still changes over stateful calls
     assert not jnp.allclose(y1, y2)
-    # Reseed resets the RNG key back
+    # Another reseed resets the RNG key back
     nnx.reseed(model, dropout=2)
     np.testing.assert_array_equal(y1, model(x))