-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathProfilingWithPerf.html
More file actions
536 lines (392 loc) · 23 KB
/
ProfilingWithPerf.html
File metadata and controls
536 lines (392 loc) · 23 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" data-content_root="./" >
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<title>Profiling with perf — MantidProject main documentation</title>
<script data-cfasync="false">
document.documentElement.dataset.mode = localStorage.getItem("mode") || "";
document.documentElement.dataset.theme = localStorage.getItem("theme") || "";
</script>
<!--
this give us a css class that will be invisible only if js is disabled
-->
<noscript>
<style>
.pst-js-only { display: none !important; }
</style>
</noscript>
<!-- Loaded before other Sphinx assets -->
<link href="_static/styles/theme.css?digest=8878045cc6db502f8baf" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="_static/styles/pydata-sphinx-theme.css?digest=8878045cc6db502f8baf" rel="stylesheet" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css?v=03e43079" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/style.css?v=468c6cff" />
<!-- So that users can add custom icons -->
<script src="_static/scripts/fontawesome.js?digest=8878045cc6db502f8baf"></script>
<!-- Pre-loaded scripts that we'll load fully later -->
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="_static/scripts/bootstrap.js?digest=8878045cc6db502f8baf" />
<link rel="preload" as="script" href="_static/scripts/pydata-sphinx-theme.js?digest=8878045cc6db502f8baf" />
<script src="_static/documentation_options.js?v=a8da1a53"></script>
<script src="_static/doctools.js?v=fd6eb6e6"></script>
<script src="_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=6ffebe34"></script>
<script>DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.pagename = 'ProfilingWithPerf';</script>
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
<link rel="next" title="Profiling with jemalloc" href="ProfilingWithJemalloc.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="Mantid Timers" href="Timers.html" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="docsearch:language" content="en">
<link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="_static/images/favicon.ico">
</head>
<body data-bs-spy="scroll" data-bs-target=".bd-toc-nav" data-offset="180" data-bs-root-margin="0px 0px -60%" data-default-mode="">
<div id="pst-skip-link" class="skip-link d-print-none"><a href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a></div>
<div id="pst-scroll-pixel-helper"></div>
<button type="button" class="btn rounded-pill" id="pst-back-to-top">
<i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-up"></i>Back to top</button>
<dialog id="pst-search-dialog">
<form class="bd-search d-flex align-items-center"
action="search.html"
method="get">
<i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass"></i>
<input type="search"
class="form-control"
name="q"
placeholder="Search the docs ..."
aria-label="Search the docs ..."
autocomplete="off"
autocorrect="off"
autocapitalize="off"
spellcheck="false"/>
<span class="search-button__kbd-shortcut"><kbd class="kbd-shortcut__modifier">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>K</kbd></span>
</form>
</dialog>
<div class="pst-async-banner-revealer d-none">
<aside id="bd-header-version-warning" class="d-none d-print-none" aria-label="Version warning"></aside>
</div>
<header class="bd-header navbar navbar-expand-lg bd-navbar d-print-none">
<div class="bd-header__inner bd-page-width">
<button class="pst-navbar-icon sidebar-toggle primary-toggle" aria-label="Site navigation">
<span class="fa-solid fa-bars"></span>
</button>
<div class="col-lg-3 navbar-header-items__start">
<div class="navbar-item">
<a class="navbar-brand logo" href="index.html">
<img src="_static/images/mantid_logo_light.png" class="logo__image only-light" alt="Logo image">
<img src="_static/images/mantid_logo_dark.png" class="logo__image only-dark" alt="Logo image">
</a></div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-9 navbar-header-items">
<div class="me-auto navbar-header-items__center">
<div class="navbar-item"><ul id="navbar-main-elements" class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://download.mantidproject.org">Downloads</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://docs.mantidproject.org/nightly/tutorials/">Tutorials</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://docs.mantidproject.org">User Docs</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://developer.mantidproject.org">Develop</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://docs.mantidproject.org/release/">Release notes</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://forum.mantidproject.org/">Forums</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://www.mantidproject.org/contact">Contact Us</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="navbar-header-items__end">
<div class="navbar-item navbar-persistent--container">
<button class="btn search-button-field search-button__button pst-js-only" title="Search" aria-label="Search" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass"></i>
<span class="search-button__default-text">Search</span>
<span class="search-button__kbd-shortcut"><kbd class="kbd-shortcut__modifier">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="kbd-shortcut__modifier">K</kbd></span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="navbar-item">
<button class="btn btn-sm nav-link pst-navbar-icon theme-switch-button pst-js-only" aria-label="Color mode" data-bs-title="Color mode" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-sun fa-lg" data-mode="light" title="Light"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-moon fa-lg" data-mode="dark" title="Dark"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-circle-half-stroke fa-lg" data-mode="auto" title="System Settings"></i>
</button></div>
<div class="navbar-item"><ul id="navbar-icon-links" class="navbar-nav" aria-label="Icon Links">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="https://github.com/mantidproject/mantid" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
<span><i class="fab fa-github-square"></i></span>
<label class="sr-only">GitHub</label>
</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="navbar-persistent--mobile">
<button class="btn search-button-field search-button__button pst-js-only" title="Search" aria-label="Search" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass"></i>
<span class="search-button__default-text">Search</span>
<span class="search-button__kbd-shortcut"><kbd class="kbd-shortcut__modifier">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="kbd-shortcut__modifier">K</kbd></span>
</button>
</div>
<button class="pst-navbar-icon sidebar-toggle secondary-toggle" aria-label="On this page">
<span class="fa-solid fa-outdent"></span>
</button>
</div>
</header>
<div class="bd-container">
<div class="bd-container__inner bd-page-width">
<dialog id="pst-primary-sidebar-modal"></dialog>
<div id="pst-primary-sidebar" class="bd-sidebar-primary bd-sidebar">
<div class="sidebar-header-items sidebar-primary__section">
<div class="sidebar-header-items__center">
<div class="navbar-item"><ul id="navbar-main-elements" class="navbar-nav">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://download.mantidproject.org">Downloads</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://docs.mantidproject.org/nightly/tutorials/">Tutorials</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://docs.mantidproject.org">User Docs</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://developer.mantidproject.org">Develop</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://docs.mantidproject.org/release/">Release notes</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://forum.mantidproject.org/">Forums</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="reference internal nav-link" href="https://www.mantidproject.org/contact">Contact Us</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar-header-items__end">
<div class="navbar-item">
<button class="btn btn-sm nav-link pst-navbar-icon theme-switch-button pst-js-only" aria-label="Color mode" data-bs-title="Color mode" data-bs-placement="bottom" data-bs-toggle="tooltip">
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-sun fa-lg" data-mode="light" title="Light"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-moon fa-lg" data-mode="dark" title="Dark"></i>
<i class="theme-switch fa-solid fa-circle-half-stroke fa-lg" data-mode="auto" title="System Settings"></i>
</button></div>
<div class="navbar-item"><ul id="navbar-icon-links" class="navbar-nav" aria-label="Icon Links">
<li class="nav-item">
<a class="nav-link" href="https://github.com/mantidproject/mantid" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="GitHub">
<span><i class="fab fa-github-square"></i></span>
<label class="sr-only">GitHub</label>
</a>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar-primary-items__start sidebar-primary__section">
<div class="sidebar-primary-item">
<nav class="bd-docs-nav bd-links"
aria-label="Section Navigation">
<p class="bd-links__title" role="heading" aria-level="1">Section Navigation</p>
<div class="bd-toc-item navbar-nav"></div>
</nav></div>
</div>
<div class="sidebar-primary-items__end sidebar-primary__section">
<div class="sidebar-primary-item">
<div id="ethical-ad-placement"
class="flat"
data-ea-publisher="readthedocs"
data-ea-type="readthedocs-sidebar"
data-ea-manual="true">
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<main id="main-content" class="bd-main" role="main">
<div class="bd-content">
<div class="bd-article-container">
<div class="bd-header-article d-print-none">
<div class="header-article-items header-article__inner">
<div class="header-article-items__start">
<div class="header-article-item">
<nav aria-label="Breadcrumb" class="d-print-none">
<ul class="bd-breadcrumbs">
<li class="breadcrumb-item breadcrumb-home">
<a href="index.html" class="nav-link" aria-label="Home">
<i class="fa-solid fa-home"></i>
</a>
</li>
<li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current="page"><span class="ellipsis">Profiling with perf</span></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="searchbox"></div>
<article class="bd-article">
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>These tools generally require <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sudo</span></code> permissions to configure the system to allow them to get information.</p>
</div>
<section id="profiling-with-perf">
<h1>Profiling with perf<a class="headerlink" href="#profiling-with-perf" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>Perf is a tool designed for use with the linux kernel, but can be used to profile user apps as well.
It is available on all linuxes, but requries root permission to enable.
Much of this information was originally gained from <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/NAThompson/performance_tuning_tutorial">Nick Tompson’s Performance Tuning Tutorail</a> held at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>perf is a sampling based performance tool.
This means the results are percentages rather than absolute times.
However, many visualizations will associate times as well.
Disk access issues are almost completely invisible to perf-based tools.</p>
</div>
<section id="install-and-configure">
<h2>Install and configure<a class="headerlink" href="#install-and-configure" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>To install perf on ubuntu one needs (this is <a class="reference external" href="https://www.howtoforge.com/how-to-install-perf-performance-analysis-tool-on-ubuntu-20-04/">inspired from here</a>)</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>apt<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>linux-tools-common
sudo<span class="w"> </span>apt<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>linux-tools-generic
sudo<span class="w"> </span>apt<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>linux-tools-<span class="sb">`</span>uname<span class="w"> </span>-r<span class="sb">`</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>the last command gets the kernel modules specific to your kernel.</p>
<p>The final step of configuration allows for getting more information from perf traces.
Any debug symbols that are found will aid in understanding the output.</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="c1"># Taken from Milian Wolf's talk "Linux perf for Qt developers"</span>
sudo<span class="w"> </span>mount<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>remount,mode<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">755</span><span class="w"> </span>/sys/kernel/debug
sudo<span class="w"> </span>mount<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>remount,mode<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">755</span><span class="w"> </span>/sys/kernel/debug/tracing
<span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"0"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>tee<span class="w"> </span>/proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict
<span class="nb">echo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"-1"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>tee<span class="w"> </span>/proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid
sudo<span class="w"> </span>chown<span class="w"> </span><span class="sb">`</span>whoami<span class="sb">`</span><span class="w"> </span>/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
sudo<span class="w"> </span>chmod<span class="w"> </span>a+rw<span class="w"> </span>/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/uprobe_events
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Python 3.12 will have <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3.12/howto/perf_profiling.html">native support for perf</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="running-perf">
<h2>Running perf<a class="headerlink" href="#running-perf" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>To profile a single test (this starts with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> to see how long the overall test takes)</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">time</span><span class="w"> </span>perf<span class="w"> </span>record<span class="w"> </span>-g<span class="w"> </span>./bin/AlgorithmsTest<span class="w"> </span>FilterEventsTest
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The report can be viewed in a couple of ways. Using the curses-based tool</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>perf<span class="w"> </span>report<span class="w"> </span>--no-children<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w"> </span>dso,sym,srcline
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The report can also be viewed <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph">FlameGraph</a> which generates an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.svg</span></code> that can be viewed in a web browser</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>perf<span class="w"> </span>script<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>~/code/FlameGraph/stackcollapse-perf.pl<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>~/code/FlameGraph/flamegraph.pl<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>flame.svg
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="profiling-with-intel-s-vtune">
<h1>Profiling with Intel’s VTune<a class="headerlink" href="#profiling-with-intel-s-vtune" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>Intel’s VTune profiler (<a class="reference external" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/oneapi/vtune-profiler-download.html">download link</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/vtune-profiler/installation-guide/2023-0/package-managers.html">install instructions</a>) is part of the one-api suite of software that is available for open source projects.
This is part of the same suite that provides TBB (threaded building blocks) that are used in mantid.
After installing, one must configure (these <a class="reference external" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/vtune-profiler/user-guide/2023-0/linux-targets.html">instructions are for ubuntu</a>) using the command</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>sysctl<span class="w"> </span>-w<span class="w"> </span>kernel.yama.ptrace_scope<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This needs to be done at every system reboot, but can be configured in sysctl to be a permanent option as well.
Finally, the environment settings for vtune are in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/opt/intel/oneapi/vtune/latest/vtune-vars.sh</span></code> and the gui can be started using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vtune-gui</span></code>.</p>
<p>From the welcome screen, you will want to “Configure Analysis” (the play button).</p>
<figure class="align-default">
<img alt="Example configuration" src="_images/vtune_configure.png" />
</figure>
<p>This example takes advantage of how cxxtestgen works by running the command</p>
<div class="highlight-sh notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>bin/AlgorithmsTest<span class="w"> </span>FilterEventsTest<span class="w"> </span>test_tableSplitterHuge
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>which runs The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test_tableSplitterHuge</span></code> test of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FilterEventsTest</span></code> suite, in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AlgorithmsTest</span></code> binary.
It is suggested that one selects “User-Mode Sampling” to avoid seeing kernel methods and get the flame graph visualization.
Once the analysis is completed, you will see the summary.
It is recommended that you start with the “Flame Graph” and “Top-down Tree” visualizations first.</p>
</section>
</article>
<footer class="prev-next-footer d-print-none">
<div class="prev-next-area">
<a class="left-prev"
href="Timers.html"
title="previous page">
<i class="fa-solid fa-angle-left"></i>
<div class="prev-next-info">
<p class="prev-next-subtitle">previous</p>
<p class="prev-next-title">Mantid Timers</p>
</div>
</a>
<a class="right-next"
href="ProfilingWithJemalloc.html"
title="next page">
<div class="prev-next-info">
<p class="prev-next-subtitle">next</p>
<p class="prev-next-title">Profiling with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jemalloc</span></code></p>
</div>
<i class="fa-solid fa-angle-right"></i>
</a>
</div>
</footer>
</div>
<dialog id="pst-secondary-sidebar-modal"></dialog>
<div id="pst-secondary-sidebar" class="bd-sidebar-secondary bd-toc"><div class="sidebar-secondary-items sidebar-secondary__inner">
<div class="sidebar-secondary-item">
<div
id="pst-page-navigation-heading-2"
class="page-toc tocsection onthispage">
<i class="fa-solid fa-list"></i> On this page
</div>
<nav class="bd-toc-nav page-toc" aria-labelledby="pst-page-navigation-heading-2">
<ul class="visible nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="toc-h1 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#">Profiling with perf</a><ul class="visible nav section-nav flex-column">
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#install-and-configure">Install and configure</a></li>
<li class="toc-h2 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#running-perf">Running perf</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toc-h1 nav-item toc-entry"><a class="reference internal nav-link" href="#profiling-with-intel-s-vtune">Profiling with Intel’s VTune</a></li>
</ul>
</nav></div>
<div class="sidebar-secondary-item">
<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
<li><a href="_sources/ProfilingWithPerf.rst.txt"
rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>
</div></div>
</div></div>
</div>
<footer class="bd-footer-content">
</footer>
</main>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Scripts loaded after <body> so the DOM is not blocked -->
<script defer src="_static/scripts/bootstrap.js?digest=8878045cc6db502f8baf"></script>
<script defer src="_static/scripts/pydata-sphinx-theme.js?digest=8878045cc6db502f8baf"></script>
<footer class="bd-footer">
<div class="bd-footer__inner bd-page-width">
<div class="footer-items__start">
<div class="footer-item">
<p class="copyright">
© Copyright 2007-2026, Mantid.
<br/>
</p>
</div>
<div class="footer-item">
<p class="sphinx-version">
Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 9.1.0.
<br/>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer-items__end">
<div class="footer-item">
<p class="theme-version">
<!-- # L10n: Setting the PST URL as an argument as this does not need to be localized -->
Built with the <a href="https://pydata-sphinx-theme.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html">PyData Sphinx Theme</a> 0.16.1.
</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
</body>
</html>