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+# Unified constructor notation for process inputs and outputs
+
+- Authors: Paolo Di Tommaso
+- Status: proposed
+- Deciders: Paolo Di Tommaso, Ben Sherman
+- Date: 2026-03-12
+- Updated: 2026-03-20
+- Tags: lang, records, tuples, syntax
+
+Technical Story: Follow-up to [Record types ADR](20260306-record-types.md)
+
+## Summary
+
+The current record types implementation uses two different syntactic forms for records in process inputs (block syntax) vs outputs (function-call syntax). This RFC proposes a **uniform constructor notation** — `name = constructor(...)` with optional type annotation — that applies to both `record()` and `tuple()` across inputs and outputs. This establishes a single syntactic pattern for all structured types in process definitions, provides a natural migration path from tuples to records, and ensures consistency across the language.
+
+## Problem Statement
+
+The accepted record types ADR ([20260306-record-types](20260306-record-types.md)) introduces two distinct syntactic forms for records within process definitions:
+
+**Input** — a `Record { ... }` block syntax unique to inputs:
+```nextflow
+process FASTQC {
+    input:
+    sample: Record {
+        id: String
+        fastq_1: Path
+        fastq_2: Path
+    }
+    ...
+}
+```
+
+**Output** — a `record()` function call:
+```nextflow
+process FASTQC {
+    ...
+    output:
+    record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'), zip: file('*.zip'))
+}
+```
+
+This asymmetry means the same concept (a record) is expressed with two different syntactic forms depending on context. The block syntax `Record { ... }` exists only in process input declarations and has no counterpart elsewhere in the language. Meanwhile, the `record()` function call used in outputs is already a general-purpose construct usable in any expression context.
+
+## Goals
+
+- **Uniform constructor notation** — establish `name = constructor(...)` as the single syntactic pattern for all structured types (`record()` and `tuple()`) in process inputs and outputs.
+- **Syntactic consistency** — use the same notation for records and tuples across inputs and outputs, eliminating context-dependent forms.
+- **Alignment with existing syntax** — reuse assignment (`=`) and type annotation (`: Type`) patterns already present in process I/O, rather than introducing new block syntax.
+- **Migration continuity** — provide a natural upgrade path from `tuple()` to `record()` by keeping the notation identical, so users only change the keyword to gain named-field semantics.
+- **Standard type semantics** — record and tuple assignments should follow the same type compatibility rules as any other typed assignment in the language.
+
+## Non-goals
+
+- Changing the top-level `record` type definition syntax — the `record Name { field: Type }` declaration form is a type-level construct and is not affected by this proposal.
+- Changing the `record()` function runtime behavior or the `RecordMap` implementation.
+- Removing support for external type references (e.g. `sample: Sample`).
+- Changing the runtime behavior of tuples — tuples retain their positional semantics.
+
+## Considered Options
+
+### Option 1: Current syntax (status quo)
+
+Input uses a dedicated block syntax, output uses the `record()` function call:
+
+```nextflow
+process FASTQC {
+    input:
+    sample: Record {
+        id: String
+        fastq_1: Path
+        fastq_2: Path
+    }
+
+    output:
+    record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'), zip: file('*.zip'))
+}
+```
+
+- Good, because input block syntax mirrors the top-level `record` definition.
+- Bad, because two different notations for the same concept in the same process definition.
+
+### Option 2: Block syntax for both inputs and outputs
+
+Use `record { ... }` blocks in both input and output:
+
+```nextflow
+process FASTQC {
+    input:
+    record sample {
+        id: String
+        fastq_1: Path
+        fastq_2: Path
+    }
+
+    output:
+    record {
+        id: String = sample.id
+        html: Path = file('*.html')
+        zip: Path = file('*.zip')
+    }
+}
+```
+
+- Good, because symmetric — same block form on both sides.
+- Bad, because the output block mixes type declarations with value assignments (`Path = file(...)`).
+- Bad, because block syntax in process I/O diverges from the function-call style already established for `record()`.
+
+### Option 3: Uniform constructor notation for `record()` and `tuple()`
+
+Establish `name = constructor(...)` as the single syntactic pattern for all structured types in process I/O. Both `record()` and `tuple()` follow the same three-tier notation — bare, assignment, and typed assignment:
+
+**Record:**
+
+```nextflow
+// bare — anonymous output
+record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'))
+
+// assignment
+result = record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'))
+
+// typed assignment
+result: QcResult = record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'))
+```
+
+**Tuple:**
+
+```nextflow
+// bare — anonymous output
+tuple(id, file('*.bam'))
+
+// assignment
+out = tuple(id, file('*.bam'))
+
+// typed assignment
+out: Tuple<String,Path> = tuple(id, file('*.bam'))
+```
+
+The same pattern applies uniformly to inputs:
+
+```nextflow
+process FASTQC {
+    input:
+    sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)
+
+    output:
+    result = record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'), zip: file('*.zip'))
+}
+```
+
+```nextflow
+process ALIGN {
+    input:
+    in = tuple(id: String, fastq: Path)
+
+    output:
+    out = tuple(id, file('*.bam'))
+}
+```
+
+With optional explicit type annotations:
+
+```nextflow
+process FASTQC {
+    input:
+    sample: Sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)
+
+    output:
+    result: QcResult = record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'), zip: file('*.zip'))
+}
+```
+
+- Good, because same notation on both sides — `name = constructor(...)` — for both `record()` and `tuple()`.
+- Good, because establishes a uniform constructor notation across all structured types.
+- Good, because reuses existing assignment and type annotation patterns.
+- Good, because `record()` and `tuple()` are already general-purpose functions, no new syntax needed.
+- Good, because type annotations follow standard rules — `sample: Sample = record(...)` works like any typed assignment.
+- Good, because the migration from `tuple()` to `record()` requires only changing the keyword — the notation is identical.
+- Bad, because input `record()` and `tuple()` arguments are types rather than values, which is a different usage of the function.
+
+## Solution or decision outcome
+
+**Option 3**: Establish a **uniform constructor notation** — `name: Type = constructor(...)` — that applies to both `record()` and `tuple()` across process inputs and outputs. This eliminates the need for context-specific syntax forms and provides a natural migration path from tuples to records.
+
+## Rationale & discussion
+
+### Uniform constructor notation
+
+The key insight is that both `record()` and `tuple()` are constructors, and everything else is standard Nextflow assignment and type annotation. This establishes a single syntactic pattern for all structured types in process definitions:
+
+```
+name = constructor(...)               // assignment
+name: Type = constructor(...)         // typed assignment
+constructor(...)                      // bare (anonymous output)
+```
+
+This pattern applies uniformly regardless of:
+- **Constructor type** — `record()` or `tuple()`
+- **Context** — input or output
+- **Whether a type annotation is present**
+
+No dedicated block syntax is needed. No context-dependent forms exist. Every structured input or output follows the same shape.
+
+### Syntax pattern
+
+The unified pattern is `name: Type = constructor(...)` for both inputs and outputs, for both records and tuples:
+
+- **Record input**: `sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)` — declares the fields and their types being received.
+- **Record output**: `result = record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'))` — declares the fields and their values being produced.
+- **Tuple input**: `in = tuple(id: String, fastq: Path)` — declares the components and their types being received.
+- **Tuple output**: `out = tuple(id, file('*.bam'))` — declares the components and their values being produced.
+
+The only difference is what goes inside the constructor call — types on input (declaring structure), expressions on output (producing values). This parallels how assignment works elsewhere: the left side declares, the right side provides.
+
+### Tuple and record: same notation, different semantics
+
+The notation is identical for both constructors. The semantic difference is positional vs named:
+
+| | `tuple()` | `record()` |
+|---|---|---|
+| Field access | Positional (`in[0]`) and named (`in.id`) | Named only (`sample.id`) |
+| Order | Significant | Not significant |
+| Duck typing | No | Yes |
+| Extra fields | No | Yes (structural subtyping) |
+
+This means migrating from tuple to record requires only changing the keyword — the surrounding notation stays the same:
+
+```nextflow
+// Tuple — positional semantics
+in = tuple(id: String, fastq: Path)
+
+// Record — named semantics (just change the keyword)
+in = record(id: String, fastq: Path)
+```
+
+### Continuity with current tuple syntax
+
+The typed process syntax already uses `tuple()` as a function-call constructor in outputs:
+
+```nextflow
+// Current typed output syntax
+bam = tuple(id, file('*.bam'))
+bai = tuple(id, file('*.bai'))
+```
+
+Option 3 extends this established pattern to inputs and applies the same pattern to `record()`. Users who already write `tuple()` in outputs understand the idiom — `record()` works the same way.
+
+The migration path from classic DSL2 through the unified notation is:
+
+```nextflow
+// Classic DSL2
+tuple val(id), path(fastq)
+
+// Typed — uniform constructor notation
+in = tuple(id: String, fastq: Path)
+
+// Record — upgrade to named semantics when ready
+in = record(id: String, fastq: Path)
+```
+
+Each step adds expressiveness without breaking the previous mental model.
+
+### Type annotations
+
+Type annotations are optional and follow standard semantics:
+
+```nextflow
+// Inferred type from record fields
+sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)
+
+// Explicit type — compiler checks compatibility with Sample
+sample: Sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)
+
+// Inferred type from tuple components
+in = tuple(id: String, fastq: Path)
+
+// Explicit type
+in: Tuple<String,Path> = tuple(id: String, fastq: Path)
+```
+
+This is the same as writing `x: Integer = 42` vs `x = 42` — nothing constructor-specific about the assignment semantics.
+
+### Alignment with existing process syntax
+
+The proposed syntax reuses patterns that already exist in Nextflow process definitions:
+
+| Existing pattern | Example | Constructor equivalent |
+|-----------------|---------|----------------------|
+| Scalar type annotation | `id: String` | `sample: Sample` |
+| Assignment in output | `id = sample.id` | `result = record(...)` / `out = tuple(...)` |
+| Typed assignment in output | `id: String = sample.id` | `result: QcResult = record(...)` / `out: Tuple<String,Path> = tuple(...)` |
+
+### External type reference
+
+When using a pre-defined record type, the syntax naturally simplifies:
+
+```nextflow
+// With inline fields
+sample: Sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)
+
+// With external type only (no inline fields needed)
+sample: Sample
+```
+
+The `sample: Sample` shorthand remains valid — the `record()` call is only needed when defining fields inline.
+
+### Full example
+
+```nextflow
+nextflow.preview.types = true
+
+record Sample {
+    id: String
+    fastq_1: Path
+    fastq_2: Path
+}
+
+process TOUCH {
+    input:
+    id: String
+
+    output:
+    result = record(id: id, fastq_1: file('*_1.fastq'), fastq_2: file('*_2.fastq'))
+
+    script:
+    """
+    touch ${id}_1.fastq
+    touch ${id}_2.fastq
+    """
+}
+
+process FASTQC {
+    input:
+    sample: Sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)
+
+    output:
+    result = record(id: sample.id, html: file('*.html'), zip: file('*.zip'))
+
+    script:
+    """
+    touch ${sample.id}.html
+    touch ${sample.id}.zip
+    """
+}
+
+workflow {
+    ch_samples = TOUCH(channel.of('a', 'b', 'c'))
+    ch_fastqc = FASTQC(ch_samples)
+    ch_fastqc.view()
+}
+```
+
+### Tuple and record coexistence
+
+A process can use both tuples and records, with the same notation throughout:
+
+```nextflow
+process ALIGN {
+    input:
+    sample = record(id: String, fastq_1: Path, fastq_2: Path)
+
+    output:
+    result = record(id: sample.id, bam: file('*.bam'), bai: file('*.bai'))
+}
+
+process QUANT {
+    input:
+    in = tuple(id: String, bam: Path, bai: Path)
+
+    output:
+    out = tuple(id, file('quant'))
+
+    script:
+    """
+    quant ${bam} ${bai} -o quant
+    """
+}
+```
+
+## Links
+
+- Supersedes input syntax in [Record types ADR](20260306-record-types.md)
+- Related: [Record types syntax summary](../plans/record-types-syntax-new.md)