diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/dist/index.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/dist/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f7e0b20019c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/dist/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+module.exports.hello = '. export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/dist/register-strip.mjs b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/dist/register-strip.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..83bffa4d0bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/dist/register-strip.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+export const hello = './register export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/package.json b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4db4be70040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/basic/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "name": "basic",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "@see graal-nodejs/deps/amaro/package.json",
+  "type": "commonjs",
+  "exports": {
+   ".": "./dist/index.js",
+   "./register": "./dist/register-strip.mjs"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/fallback.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/fallback.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..40c80a36df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/fallback.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+module.exports.hello = '. <fallback> export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/index.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..52a87cc2ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+module.exports.hello = '. <require> export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/index.mjs b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eac7dd2e678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/dist/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+export const hello = '. <import> export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/package.json b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b411d1bf21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+ "name": "conditions-array",
+ "version": "1.0.0",
+ "exports": {
+  ".": [
+   {
+    "import": "./dist/index.mjs",
+    "require": "./dist/index.js"
+   },
+   "./dist/fallback.js"
+  ],
+  "./package.json": "./package.json"
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/readme.md b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..34d5e227a30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-array/readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+In Node.js, when `"exports"` is an **array**, Node will try each entry **in
+order** and use the **first one that successfully resolves**.
+
+In the example:
+
+```json
+".": [
+  {
+    "import": "./dist/walk.mjs",
+    "require": "./dist/walk.js"
+  },
+  "./dist/walk.js"
+]
+```
+
+* Node first evaluates the object `{ "import": ..., "require": ... }`:
+
+  * If the consumer does `import`, it tries `"import"`.
+  * If the consumer does `require()`, it tries `"require"`.
+
+* If that object **cannot be resolved** for some reason (e.g., environment
+  doesn’t match any condition, file is missing), Node moves on to the **next
+  array entry** (`"./dist/walk.js"`).
+
+The last item acts as a **fallback** if the earlier conditional object fails.
+
+In modern Node with properly configured files, this fallback is usually
+redundant because each condition (`import`/`require`) would normally resolve.
+The array pattern mostly exists for **robustness or backward compatibility**.
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/graal/index.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/graal/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..66776c61173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/graal/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+module.exports.hello = '[entry] <graal+require> export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/graal/index.mjs b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/graal/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1fecc0119a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/graal/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+export const hello = '[entry] <graal+import> export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/node/index.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/node/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/node/index.mjs b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/node/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/package.json b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4c47b67adac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+ "name": "conditions-entry",
+ "version": "1.0.0",
+ "exports": {
+  "graal": {
+   "import": "./graal/index.mjs",
+   "require": "./graal/index.js"
+  },
+  "node": {
+   "import": "./feature.mjs",
+   "require": "./feature.cjs"
+  }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/readme.md b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..d7fe46e9f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-entry/readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+In this example, the `"exports"` field is defining **entry points for the
+package** based on runtime conditions:
+
+```json
+"exports": {
+  "graal": {
+    "import": "./graal.mjs",
+    "require": "./graal.cjs"
+  },
+  "node": {
+    "import": "./node.mjs",
+    "require": "./node.cjs"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+* `"graal"` and `"node"` are **condition keys**, not subpaths.
+* Node (or a supporting loader) selects the first condition that matches the
+  environment.
+* Inside each condition, `"import"` and `"require"` define the **module system
+  entry point**.
+
+So this configuration:
+
+* Is **only for the package root entry**, i.e., `import 'package'` or
+  `require('package')`.
+* Does **not define subpaths** like `"./something.js"`; it only tells Node which
+  file to load depending on the runtime or module system.
+
+If you wanted subpaths, each condition could contain objects with `"."` or
+`"./sub.js"` keys instead.
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/commonjs/index.d.ts b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/commonjs/index.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/commonjs/index.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/commonjs/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e1cce7a7929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/commonjs/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+export const hello = '. <require> [default] export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/esm/index.d.ts b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/esm/index.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/esm/index.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/esm/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ae93d9846cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/dist/esm/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+export const hello = '. <import> [default] export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/package.json b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..420f119e6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+ "name": "conditions-nested",
+ "version": "1.0.0",
+ "exports": {
+  "./package.json": "./package.json",
+  ".": {
+   "import": {
+    "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts",
+    "default": "./dist/esm/index.js"
+   },
+   "require": {
+    "types": "./dist/commonjs/index.d.ts",
+    "default": "./dist/commonjs/index.js"
+   }
+  }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/readme.md b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b24495087d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-nested/readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# Nested conditions
+
+[Node docs](https://nodejs.org/api/packages.html#nested-conditions)
+
+```json
+"exports": {
+  ".": {
+    "import": {
+      "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/esm/index.js"
+    },
+    "require": {
+      "types": "./dist/commonjs/index.d.ts",
+      "default": "./dist/commonjs/index.js"
+    }
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Here’s what’s actually happening:
+
+1. `"."` is the **export path for the main entry** (`import 'package'` or
+   `require('package')`).
+
+2. Inside `"."`, Node uses **conditional exports**:
+
+   * `"import"` → Node picks this object **if the consumer does an ESM
+     `import`**.
+   * `"require"` → Node picks this object **if the consumer does a CommonJS
+     `require()`**.
+
+3. The objects under `"import"` and `"require"` are **not Node conditions
+   themselves**, they’re **sub-fields used by the package/tooling**:
+
+   * `"default"` → the JS file to load for that system
+   * `"types"` → the TypeScript declarations
+
+So the reason for this **two-level structure** is:
+
+* Node only cares about the first-level `"import"`/`"require"` keys to pick the
+  module system.
+* The inner `"default"`/`"types"` is **package-specific metadata** (TypeScript
+  support, or multiple entry points for tooling).
+
+It’s perfectly valid, but **Node itself ignores `"types"`** — it just picks
+`"default"` for the resolution.
+
+Essentially:
+
+```
+"." (export path)
+ ├─ "import" → chosen if import()
+ │    ├─ "default" → actual JS
+ │    └─ "types"   → TS definitions
+ └─ "require" → chosen if require()
+      ├─ "default" → actual JS
+      └─ "types"   → TS definitions
+```
+
+Node picks the outer key (`import` vs `require`), then the package uses
+`"default"`/`"types"` inside for its own purposes.
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/commonjs/test.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/commonjs/test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..c12cfc93380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/commonjs/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+module.exports.hello = './test <require> export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/esm/index.d.ts b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/esm/index.d.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e69de29bb2d
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/esm/test.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/esm/test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0545ea8f850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/dist/esm/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+export const hello = './test <import> export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/package.json b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e4c85ae10ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+ "name": "conditions-path",
+ "version": "1.0.0",
+ "exports": {
+  "./package.json": "./package.json",
+  "./test": {
+   "import": "./dist/esm/test.js",
+   "require": "./dist/commonjs/test.js",
+   "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts"
+  }
+ }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/readme.md b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/readme.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..fa151d3402d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/conditions-path/readme.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Conditional exports
+
+[Node docs](https://nodejs.org/api/packages.html#conditional-exports)
+
+```json
+"exports": {
+  ".": {
+    "import": "./dist/esm/index.js",
+    "require": "./dist/commonjs/index.js",
+    "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## How this works
+
+1. **Export path `"."`**
+
+   * Represents the **package root** (`import 'package'` or
+     `require('package')`).
+
+2. **Conditional exports at the first level inside `"."`**
+
+   * `"import"` → Node uses this file for **ESM `import`** statements.
+   * `"require"` → Node uses this file for **CommonJS `require()`**.
+
+3. **Other fields inside the same object**
+
+   * `"types"` → TypeScript declaration file; Node ignores this, it’s only for
+     tooling.
+   * `"default"` is no longer needed because Node picks the condition directly.
+
+## Key points
+
+* Node picks the **first-level key** (`import` or `require`) to resolve the
+  module.
+* The `"types"` field is metadata for TypeScript, ignored by Node.
+* This flattened structure removes the inner `default`/`types` objects while
+  keeping Node resolution and TypeScript typing intact.
+
+**Visual hierarchy:**
+
+```
+"." (package root)
+ ├─ "import"  → JS entry for ESM
+ ├─ "require" → JS entry for CJS
+ └─ "types"   → TS declaration (ignored by Node)
+```
+
+Node resolves the module using the **appropriate condition key**, so a nested
+`"default"` object is unnecessary.
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/string/dist/index.js b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/string/dist/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0a808c8f13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/string/dist/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+ */
+export const hello = 'export';
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/string/package.json b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/string/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ef0d99aa1e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js.test/esm-exports/node_modules/string/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "name": "string",
+  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "description": "@see graal-nodejs/test/fixtures/self_ref_module/package.json",
+  "exports": "./dist/index.js"
+}
diff --git a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js/src/com/oracle/truffle/js/builtins/commonjs/NpmCompatibleESModuleLoader.java b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js/src/com/oracle/truffle/js/builtins/commonjs/NpmCompatibleESModuleLoader.java
index 72011833b81..01164baf0c1 100644
--- a/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js/src/com/oracle/truffle/js/builtins/commonjs/NpmCompatibleESModuleLoader.java
+++ b/graal-js/src/com.oracle.truffle.js/src/com/oracle/truffle/js/builtins/commonjs/NpmCompatibleESModuleLoader.java
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.net.URI;
 import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
@@ -99,9 +101,26 @@ public final class NpmCompatibleESModuleLoader extends DefaultESModuleLoader {
     private static final String INVALID_MODULE_SPECIFIER = "Invalid module specifier: '";
     private static final String UNSUPPORTED_FILE_EXTENSION = "Unsupported file extension: '";
     private static final String UNSUPPORTED_PACKAGE_EXPORTS = "Unsupported package exports: '";
+    private static final String INVALID_PACKAGE_EXPORT = "Invalid package export: ";
     private static final String UNSUPPORTED_PACKAGE_IMPORTS = "Unsupported package imports: '";
     private static final String UNSUPPORTED_DIRECTORY_IMPORT = "Unsupported directory import: '";
     private static final String INVALID_PACKAGE_CONFIGURATION = "Invalid package configuration: '";
+    private static final String EXPORT_TYPE_GRAALJS = "graaljs";
+    private static final String EXPORT_TYPE_IMPORT = "import";
+    private static final String EXPORT_TYPE_REQUIRE = "require";
+    private static final String EXPORT_TYPE_DEFAULT = "default";
+    private final LinkedList<String> EXPORT_TYPES = new LinkedList<>(
+        List.of(EXPORT_TYPE_GRAALJS, EXPORT_TYPE_IMPORT, EXPORT_TYPE_REQUIRE, EXPORT_TYPE_DEFAULT));
+
+    public void registerPreferredExportType(String exportType) {
+        if (!EXPORT_TYPES.contains(exportType)) {
+            EXPORT_TYPES.addFirst(exportType);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getRegisteredExportTypes() {
+        return List.copyOf(EXPORT_TYPES);
+    }
 
     public static NpmCompatibleESModuleLoader create(JSRealm realm) {
         return new NpmCompatibleESModuleLoader(realm);
@@ -343,6 +362,10 @@ private Format esmFileFormat(URI url, TruffleLanguage.Env env) {
                 if (url.getPath().endsWith(JS_EXT)) {
                     return Format.ESM;
                 }
+            } else if (url.getPath().endsWith(JS_EXT)) {
+                // Np Fallback to CJS as below (in the case that there is a package.json without a "type" field, or
+                // the "type" field is not "module").
+                return Format.CommonJS;
             }
         } else if (url.getPath().endsWith(JS_EXT)) {
             // Np Package.json with .js extension: try loading as CJS like Node.js does.
@@ -352,6 +375,27 @@ private Format esmFileFormat(URI url, TruffleLanguage.Env env) {
         throw fail(UNSUPPORTED_FILE_EXTENSION, url.toString());
     }
 
+    private URI exportForImport(URI packageUrl, Map<String, String> exports, TruffleLanguage.Env env) {
+        // in order of preference, find the best import to use for this circumstance; this will be `graaljs` if
+        // specified (as top preference), then `import`, then `require`, then `default`. if the developer has registered
+        // their own preferred export types, these will be preferred first.
+        //
+        // this branch only activates if package exports are present and need to be used to resolve an import. thus,
+        // there is no fallback behavior waiting for us, and so an exception is thrown if no export can be matched.
+
+        // 1. for preferred export types...
+        for (String preferred : getRegisteredExportTypes()) {
+            // 1.1: is it specified within the exports?
+            if (exports.containsKey(preferred)) {
+                // 1.2: if so, resolve the import from the package root. make sure to slice off the `./` prefix.
+                return packageUrl.resolve(exports.get(preferred).substring(2));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2. if no preferred export types are specified, or none of them are found, throw an exception.
+        throw failMessage(UNSUPPORTED_PACKAGE_EXPORTS);
+    }
+
     /**
      * PACKAGE_RESOLVE(packageSpecifier, parentURL).
      */
@@ -427,6 +471,12 @@ private URI packageResolve(String packageSpecifier, URI parentURL, TruffleLangua
             PackageJson pjson = readPackageJson(packageUrl, env);
             // 11.5 If pjson is not null and pjson.exports is not null or undefined, then
             if (pjson != null && pjson.hasExportsProperty()) {
+                var exp = pjson.getExport(packageSubpath);
+                if (exp != null) {
+                    // we should receive a map of the form `type => path` for the requested export. determine the best
+                    // import type to use and resolve from there.
+                    return exportForImport(packageUrl, exp, env);
+                }
                 throw fail(UNSUPPORTED_PACKAGE_EXPORTS, packageSpecifier);
             } else if (packageSubpath.equals(DOT)) {
                 // 11.6 Otherwise, if packageSubpath is equal to ".", then
@@ -547,6 +597,54 @@ public boolean hasExportsProperty() {
             return hasNonNullProperty(jsonObj, EXPORTS_PROPERTY_NAME);
         }
 
+        public Map<String, String> getExport(String specifier) {
+            assert hasNonNullProperty(jsonObj, EXPORTS_PROPERTY_NAME);
+            var data = JSObject.get(jsonObj, EXPORTS_PROPERTY_NAME);
+            if (data instanceof JSDynamicObject exportsObj) {
+                for (TruffleString key : JSObject.enumerableOwnNames(exportsObj)) {
+                    // find a match for the requested export...
+                    if (key.toString().equals(specifier)) {
+                        // if we found it, it should be a nested object with export mappings. at this point, we've
+                        // already matched the path, so these are mappings of (type => path). `path` must be relative to
+                        // the package root, must start with `.`, must not contain relative backwards references, and
+                        // must be an extant regular file.
+                        Object value = JSObject.get(exportsObj, key);
+                        if (value instanceof JSDynamicObject valueObj) {
+                            var exportKeys = valueObj.ownPropertyKeys();
+                            var exportMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
+                            for (Object exportKey : exportKeys) {
+                                if (exportKey instanceof TruffleString exportKeyStr) {
+                                    Object exportValue = JSObject.get(valueObj, exportKeyStr);
+                                    if (Strings.isTString(exportValue)) {
+                                        var exportStr = exportKeyStr.toString();
+                                        var exportVal = exportValue.toString();
+                                        if (!exportVal.startsWith(".") || exportVal.contains("..")) {
+                                            // must start with `.`, must not contain `..`
+                                            throw failMessage(INVALID_PACKAGE_EXPORT + exportStr);
+                                        }
+                                        exportMap.put(exportKeyStr.toString(), exportValue.toString());
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    throw failMessage(UNSUPPORTED_PACKAGE_EXPORTS + exportKey.toString());
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return exportMap;
+                        } else if (value instanceof TruffleString exportStr) {
+                            // if the export is a string, it should be a path to the file to import.
+                            if (!exportStr.toString().startsWith(".") || exportStr.toString().contains("..")) {
+                                // must start with `.`, must not contain `..`
+                                throw failMessage(INVALID_PACKAGE_EXPORT + exportStr);
+                            }
+                            return Map.of(EXPORT_TYPE_DEFAULT, exportStr.toString());
+                        } else {
+                            throw failMessage(INVALID_PACKAGE_EXPORT + value);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
         public boolean hasMainProperty() {
             if (JSObject.hasProperty(jsonObj, PACKAGE_JSON_MAIN_PROPERTY_NAME)) {
                 Object value = JSObject.get(jsonObj, PACKAGE_JSON_MAIN_PROPERTY_NAME);