This page has been removed, please visit https://lincolnloop.github.io/python-package-manager-shootout/ for a detailed benchmark report.
- - - - - - - - -Attention
-Major and minor releases also include changes listed within prior beta releases.
--r requirements paths relative to the requirement file they are specified in #2422pdm publish fails with HTTP error. #2400__init__.py contains an unusual line. #2378pdm init being read-only when copied from a read-only PDM installation. #2379export command. #2390--extra--index-url #2342include_packages and exclude_packages config under tool.pdm.source table. #1645requires-python range. And provide a way to ignore them per-package. #2304-q/--quiet option to suppress some warnings printed to the console. This option is mutually exclusive with -v/--verbose. #2304--strategy/-S option for lock command, to specify one or more strategy flags for resolving dependencies. --static-urls and --no-cross-platform are deprecated at the same time. #2310pdm.cli.commands.venv.backend.Backend._ensure_clean to empty the .venv folder instead of deleting it. #2282--venv option. #2314--no-default is requested. #2230--no-isolated does. #2071--no-lock option doesn't work as expected. Also support --no-lock option for add, remove and update commands. #2245findpython to find pythons with the spec given by the user. #2225virtualenv python.exe binary under bin/
- as well as Scripts/ and the virtualenv/conda root. #2236${PROJECT_ROOT} variable in the lockfile. #2240pdm run should only find local file if the command starts with ./. #2221--overwrite option to pdm init to overwrite existing files(default False). #2163pdm list command.
- Add --tree as an alias and preferred name of --graph option. #2165pdm run to run a script with the relative or absolute path. #2217@ file:// dependencies can not be updated. #2169requires-python cause PDM to crash. #2175comarable_version("1.2.3+local1") == Version("1.2.3"). #2182pdm-pep517. #2167sitecustomize.py. #2139keyring, copier, cookiecutter, template, truststore dependency groups. #2109PDM_PROJECT for -p/--project option. #2126pyproject.toml if both --unconstrained and --dry-run are passed to pdm update. #2125build-system table when importing from other package manager. #2126unearth to 0.10.0 #2113pdm install. #2086*_lock hooks are always emitted with dry_run=True in pdm update. #2060pdm install --plugins can't install self. #2062cookiecutter and copier as project generator. #2059pdm init now accepts a template argument to initialize project from a built-in or Git template. #2053DeprecationWarning with FutureWarning for better exposure. #2012install-pdm.py and its checksum file on the docs site. #2026--edit/-e to pdm config to edit the config file in default editor. #2028--project option to pdm venv to support another path as the project root. #2042truststore as the SSL backend. This only works on Python 3.10 or newer. #2049pdm self list. #2018url field when converting requirements from a Pipfile-style file requirement. #2032No significant changes.
-parser argument is passed to BaseCommand.__init__() method. #2007pdm list. #1973pdm init -n doesn't respect the --python option. #1984setup.py if it prints something to stdout. #1995install-pdm.py. #1996PDM_PYPI_USERNAME and PDM_PYPI_PASSWORD when there are no defaults in config. #1961repository.custom.verify_ssl config option as well as new command line argument of publish command. #1928PATH env var. #1944ResourceWarnings when running the test suite with warnings enabled. #1915tool.poetry.build doesn't exist. #1935pdm import clobbers build-system.requires value in pyproject.toml. #1948pdm sync instead of pdm install --no-lock. #1947PATH env var isn't set correctly when running under non-isolation mode. #1904tool.pdm.plugins setting. #1461--json flag to both run and info command allowing to dump scripts and infos as JSON. #1854_) as internal tasks and hide them from the listing. #1855pdm init -n(non-interactive mode), a venv will be created by default. Previously, the selected Python will be used under PEP 582 mode. #1862--no-cross-platform to pdm lock to create a non-cross-platform lockfile. #1898--venv option descriptions in zsh completion script. #1847package and package[extra]. #1851FileNotFoundError if the requirement path is not found. #1875No significant changes.
-<2.0 to avoid incompatibility with cachecontrol. #1886markdown-exec to 1.5.0 for rendering TOC in CLI reference page. #1836PDM_USE_VENV as PDM_IN_VENV for --venv flag as it mistakenly override another existing env var. #1829pdm --pep582 raises an argument error. #1823resolution.respect-source-order is enabled, sources are lazily evaluated. This means that if a match is found on the first source, the remaining sources will not be requested. #1509--venv <venv> to run a command in the virtual environment with the given name. #1705PDM_PREFER_BINARY environment variable. #1817pdm lock. #1796environment.is_global property. #1814pdm init -p <dir> if the target directory is not created yet. #1822pdm-backend. #1684pdm.toml which can be committed to the VCS. #1742Environment is renamed to PythonLocalEnvironment and GlobalEnvironment is renamed to PythonEnvironment. Move pdm.models.environment module to pdm.environments package. #1791unearth to 0.8 to allow calling keyring from CLI. #1653venv command to show the path or the python interpreter for a managed venv. #1680--lib option to init command to create a library project without prompting. #1708pdm fix to migrate to the new PDM features. Add a hint when invoking PDM commands. #1743.pdm-python in project root .gitignore when running pdm init. #1749PDM_IGNORE_ACTIVE_VENV env var. #1782pre_invoke to emit before any command is invoked. #1792pdm export due to non-deterministic order of group iteration. #1786pdm show --version #1788installer to 0.7.0 and emit a warning if the RECORD validation fails. #1784pdm export output doesn't include the extras of the dependencies. #1767pdm export. #1730venv.prompt configuration when using conda as the backend. #1734. with - when normalizing package name. #1745pdm venv activate without specifying env_name to activate in project venv created by conda #1735requires-python doesn't work for all dependencies. #1690pdm-pep517 instead of setuptools. #1658importlib.resources. #1660pdm run. #1652pdm config. #1622python. #1626packaging>=22. #1619subdirectory attribute to the lockfile entry. #1630pyproject.toml. #1310pytest plugin pdm.pytest for plugin developers. #1594pdm.lock with an @generated comment. #1611sitecustomize to the home directory if it exists in the filesystem(not packed in a zipapp). #1572build-system.requires, since build and hatch both support it. Be aware it is not allowed in the standard. #1560packaging 22.0. #1562__file__ usages with importlib.resources, to make PDM usable in a zipapp. #1567package==22.0 from the dependencies to avoid some breakages to the end users. #1568pdm.pep517 as the metadata transformer for unknown custom build backends. #1546installer to 0.6.0. #1550unearth to 0.6.3 and test against packaging==22.0. #1555pdm use. #1542tool.pdm.overrides table to tool.pdm.resolution.overrides. The old name is deprecated at the same time. #1503--backend option to pdm init command, users can choose a favorite backend from setuptools, flit, hatchling and pdm-pep517(default), since they all support PEP 621 standards. #1504{args[:default]} placeholder. #1507python.use_venv=False #1508findpython installed. #1516install.cache set to true and caching method is pth. #863pdm-pep517. #1504pep517 with pyproject-hooks because of the rename. #1528setup.py format, users are encouraged to migrate to the PEP 621 metadata. #1504sitecustomize.py respect the PDM_PROJECT_MAX_DEPTH environment variable #1471python_version in the environment marker. When the version contains only one digit, the result was incorrect. #1484venv.prompt configuration to allow customizing prompt when a virtualenv is activated #1332ca_certs or from the command line via pdm publish --ca-certs <path> .... #1392plugin command to self, and it can not only manage plugins but also all dependencies. Add a subcommand self update to update PDM itself. #1406pdm init to receive a Python path or version via --python option. #1412requires-python when importing from other formats. #1426pdm instead of pip to resolve and install build requirements. So that PDM configurations can control the process. #1429pdm config command. #1450pdm lock --check flag to validate whether the lock is up to date. #1459pip when creating a new venv. #1463pdm list command with new formats: --csv,--markdown and add options --fields,--sort to control the output contents. Users can also include licenses in the --fields option to display the package licenses. #1469pdm lock --check in pre-commit. #1471--project argument. #1220pypi.[ca,client]_cert[s] config items are passed to distribution builder install steps to allow for custom PyPI index sources with self signed certificates. #1396pdm init. #1410python* command in pdm run. #1414==1.*). #1465importlib-metadata from PyPI for Python < 3.10. #1467pypi.[ca,client]_cert[s] config items are passed to distribution builder install steps to allow for custom PyPI index sources with self signed certificates. #1396pdm init. #1410pdm lock --refresh if some packages has URLs. #1361file:// links the first time they are added. #1325data-requires-python when parsing package links. #1334editables package isn't installed for self package. #1344setup-script, run-setuptools, and is-purelib. #1327pdm run. #1312post_lock for add and update operations, to ensure the pyproject.toml is updated before the hook is run. #1320add or update command. #1287packaging dependency to ensure that packaging.utils.parse_wheel_filename is available. #1293pypi.ca_certs config entry. #1240pdm export to available pre-commit hooks. #1279summary field in pdm.lock contains the description from the package's pyproject.toml. #1274pdm show for a package that is only available as source distribution. #1276pip. #1268pdm module, it will be removed in the future. #1282python executable in the PATH. #1255metadata.files in pdm.lock. #1256[metada.files] table of the lock file. #1259env_file variables no longer override existing environment variables. #1235<this_package_name>[group1, group2] #1241requires-python when creating the default venv. #1237PYTHONPATH. #1211pwsh as an alias of powershell for shell completion. #1216zsh completion regarding --pep582 flag. #12184.0. #1203unearth to fix a bug that install links with weak hashes are skipped. This often happens on self-hosted PyPI servers. #1202pdm venv commands into the main program. Make PEP 582 an opt-in feature. #1162global_project.fallback_verbose defaulting to True. When set to False disables message Project is not found, fallback to the global project #1188--only-keep option to pdm sync to keep only selected packages. Originally requested at #398. #1191unearth to 0.4.1 to skip the wheels with invalid version parts. #1178PDM_RESOLVE_MAX_ROUNDS environment variable (was spelled …ROUDNS before). #1180--no-clean option from pdm sync command. #1191[project] table is not allowed, according to PEP 621. They are however still allowed in the [tool.pdm.dev-dependencies] table. PDM will emit a warning when it finds editable dependencies in the [project] table, or will abort when you try to add them into the [project] table via CLI. #1083setup.py project. #1062rich. #1091-v option. #1096unearth to replace pip's PackageFinder and related data models. PDM no longer relies on pip internals, which are unstable across updates. #1096find_matches() to speed up the resolution. #1098publish to PDM since it is required for so many people and it will make the workflow easier. #1107composite script kind allowing to run multiple defined scripts in a single command as well as reusing scripts but overriding env or env_file. #1117--skip to opt-out some scripts and hooks from any execution (both scripts and PDM commands). #1127pre/post_publish, pre/post_run and pre/post_script hooks as well as an extensive lifecycle and hooks documentation. #1147[tool.pdm.build], according to pdm-pep517 1.0.0. At the same time, warnings will be shown against old usages. #1153pyproject.toml rather than building it. #1156[tool.pdm.build] table. #1157post_use hook triggered after successfully switching Python version. #1163respect-source-order under [tool.pdm.resolution] to respect the source order in the pyproject.toml file. Packages will be returned by source earlier in the order or later ones if not found. #593tomllib on Python 3.11 #1072click, halo, colorama and log_symbols. PDM has no vendors now. #1091pdm-pep517 to 1.0.0. #1153pdm 0.x) is no longer supported. #1157tox.ini file for easier local testing against all Python versions. #1160venv scheme for prefix kind install scheme. #1158skip-add-to-path option to installer in order to prevent changing PATH.
- Replace bin variable name with bin_dir. #1145[tool.poetry.build] config table. #1131pdm process and not to the process actually being run. #1095version in the cache key of the locked candidates if they are from a URL requirement. #1099requires-python pre-release versions caused pdm update to fail with InvalidPyVersion. #1111setup.cfg or setup.py. #1101pdm update command. #1104venv install scheme when available. This scheme is more stable than posix_prefix scheme since the latter is often patched by distributions. #1106pdm.lock by --lockfile option or PDM_LOCKFILE env var. #1038pyproject.toml when running pdm add --no-editable <package>. #1050get_sysconfig_path.py script. #1056${PROJECT_ROOT} variable in the result of export command. #1079pdm init and create default README for libraries. #1041requirements.txt. #1036pdm use error. #1039optional key when converting from Poetry's dependency entries. #1042--no-editable is passed.
- pdm add --no-editable will now override the editable mode of the given packages. #1011pdm lock --refresh. #1019${PROJECT_ROOT} in the output of pdm list. #1004installer 0.5.x. #1002license field to "None". #991pdm search command. #993~/.local) with global_project.user_site config. #885auto_global to global_project.fallback and deprecate the old name. #986show command. #966_.site_packages is overridden by default option value. #985pdm-pep517 to support PEP 639. #959pythonfinder to findpython as the Python version finder. #930pre_* and post_* scripts for task composition. Pre- and Post- scripts for init, build, install and lock will be run if present. #789--config/-c option to specify another global configuration file. #883[tool.pdm.overrides] table. #909use_venv to python.use_venv;
- rename config feature.install_cache to install.cache;
- rename config feature.install_cache_method to install.cache_method;
- rename config parallel_install to install.parallel. #914[tool.pdm.overrides] table. #861requires-python should be produced if ANY(*) is given. #917pdm.lock gets created when --dry-run is passed to pdm add. #918path. #904ExtrasError to ExtrasWarning for better understanding. Improve the warning message. #892Candidate into a new class PreparedCandidate.
- Candidate no longer holds an Environment instance. #920pip>=22.0. #875pdm run, it will run the Python REPL. #856direct_url.json for a local pre-built wheel. #861pip<22.0. #874network marker. #858- unexpectedly. #853use command to save the human effort.
- And introduce an -i option to ignored that remembered value. #846RECORD. #847ModuleNotFoundError during uninstall when the modules required are removed. #850pdm update even if --no-sync is passed. #837feature.install_cache_method config. #822lock --refresh to update the hash stored with the lock file without updating the pinned versions. #642[tool.pdm.overrides] table. #790post_init, pre_lock, post_lock, pre_install and post_install. #798install --check to check if the lock file is up to date. #810allow_prereleases setting.
- Now non-named requirements are resolved earlier than pinned requirements. #799atoml to tomlkit as the style-preserving TOML parser. The latter has supported TOML v1.0.0. #809minimum, without upper bounds. #787sysconfig to return the PEP 582 scheme in pdm run. #784--pre/--prelease option for pdm add and pdm update. It will allow prereleases to be pinned. #774git+https candidates cannot be resolved. #771version from [project] table to [tool.pdm] table, delete classifiers from dynamic, and warn usage about the deprecated usages. #748x >= VERSION when adding dependencies. #752pdm list --freeze to fix a bug due to Pip's API change. #533requires-python. #744-s/--section option from all previously supported commands. Use -G/--group instead. #756importlib to replace imp in the sitecustomize module for Python 3. #574pdm export. #741-s/--site-packages to pdm run as well as a script config item. When it is set to True, site-packages from the selected interpreter will be loaded into the running environment. #733NO_SITE_PACKAGES isn't set in pdm run if the executable is out of local packages. #733pdm run, but keep them seen when PEP 582 is enabled. #708pip with --isolated when building wheels. In this way some env vars like PIP_REQUIRE_VIRTUALENV can be ignored. #669pip is not DEBUNDLED. #685summary is None, the lockfile can't be generated. #719${PROJECT_ROOT} should be written in the URL when relative path is given. #721pdm import can't merge the settings correctly. #723--no-sync option to update command. #684find_links source type. It can be specified via type key of [[tool.pdm.source]] table. #694--dry-run option to add, install and remove commands. #698project.core.ui.display_columns), fixing unnecessary wrapping due to / with empty lines full of spaces in case of long URLs in the last column. #680check_update is boolean. #689setup_dev.py in favor of pip install. #676requires-python is not recognized in candidates evaluation. #657installer to 0.3.0, fixing a bug that broke installation of some packages with unusual wheel files. #653packaging and typing-extensions to direct dependencies. #674requires-python now participates in the resolution as a dummy requirement. #658--no-isolation option for install, lock, update, remove, sync commands. #640project_max_depth configurable and default to 5. #643pdm-pep517 backend on Python 2.7 when installing self as editable. #640*-nspkg.pth files in install_cache mode. It will still work without them. #623-r/--reinstall option to sync command to force re-install the existing dependencies. #601pdm cache clear can clear cached installations if not needed any more. #604setuptools won't see the dependencies under local packages. #601direct_url.json when installing wheels. #607* fails to be converted as SpecifierSet. #609--json to the list command which outputs the dependency graph as a JSON document. #583feature.install_cache. When it is turned on, wheels will be installed into a centralized package repo and create .pth files under project packages directory to link to the cached package. #589pdm show. #580~/.pyenv/shims/python3 as the pyenv interpreter. #590-s/--section option in favor of -G/--group. #591pdm/installers/installers.py is renamed to pdm/installers/manager.py to be more accurate. The Installer class under that file is renamed to InstallerManager and is exposed in the pdm.core.Core object for overriding. The new pdm/installers/installers.py contains some installation implementations. #589pkg_resources.Distribution to the implementation of importlib.metadata. #592distlib. #519--<field-name> options in pdm show. When no package is given, show this project. #527--freeze option to pdm list command which shows the dependencies list as pip's requirements.txt format. #531PYTHONPATH. #522plugin to manage pdm plugins, including add, remove and list commands. #510resolvelib any more. This makes PDM more stable across updates of sub-dependencies. #515-u/--unconstrained to support unconstraining version specifiers when adding packages. #501No significant changes.
-No significant changes.
-pdm export no longer produces requirements file applicable for all platforms due to the new approach. #456--no-editable option to install non-editable versions of all packages. #443--no-self option to prevent the project itself from being installed. #444.gitignore file in the __pypackages__ directory. #446PDM_PROJECT_ROOT env var. Change to the project root when executing scripts. #470tomlkit to atoml as the style-preserving TOML parser and writer. #465--dev flag for older versions of PDM. #444--config-setting. #452keyring as a dependency and guide users to install it when it is not available. #442distlib. #447pdm.cli.actions #428pdm use with no argument given, which will list all available pythons for pick. #409setup.py failed for NameError. #407install and sync commands. Add a new option --prod/--production to exclude them. Improve the dependency selection logic to be more convenient to use — the more common the usage is, the shorter the command is. #391source-includes to mark files to be included only in sdist builds. #390pdm-pep517 to 0.7.0; update resolvelib to0.7.0. #390-d/--dev option in install and sync commands. #391pdm run on a directory not initialized yet.resolvelib to 0.6.0. #381pdm.models.readers to improve typing support #321project.python_executable to project.python that contains all info of the interpreter. #382:all given to -s/--section to refer to all sections under the same species.
- Adjust add, sync, install, remove and update to support the new dev-dependencies groups. Old behavior will be kept the same. #351dev-dependencies is now a table of dependencies groups, where key is the group name and value is an array of dependencies. These dependencies won't appear in the distribution's metadata. dev-depedencies of the old format will turn into dev group under dev-dependencies. #351dev-dependencies, includes, excludes and package-dir out from [project] table to [tool.pdm] table. The migration will be done automatically if old format is detected. #351--dry-run option for update command to display packages that need update, install or removal. Add --top option to limit to top level packages only. #358init command via -n/--non-interactive option. No question will be asked in this mode. #368pdm info, also add an option --packages to show that value only. #372<script>-X.Y variant to the bin folder. #365-g/--global that was deprecated in 1.4.0. One should use -g -p <project_path> for that purpose. #361pdm init #352pdm-pep517 to 0.6.1. #353type argument to pdm cache clear and improve its UI. #343entry-points. #344models.project_info.ProjectInfo, which indexes distlib.metadata._data #335pdm.plugins to pdm.
- Export some useful objects and models for shorter import path. #318cmd in tools.pdm.scripts configuration items now allows specifying an argument array instead of a string.stream singleton, improve the UI related code. #320cache command, add list, remove and info subcommands. #329pyproject.toml. #308specifiers.py to a separated module. #303setup.py has no intall_requires key. #299pdm init fails when pyproject.toml exists but has no [project] section. #295-I/--ignore-python passed or PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON=1, ignore the interpreter set in .pdm.toml and don't save to it afterwards. #283-p/--project is introduced to specify another path for the project base. It can also be combined with -g/--global option.
- The latter is changed to a flag only option that does not accept values. #286-f setuppy for pdm export to export the metadata as setup.py #289src directory can't be uninstalled correctly. #277pdm sync or pdm install is not present in the error message. #274requires-python attribute when fetching the candidates of a package. #264egg-info directory when dependencies change. So that pdm list --graph won't show invalid entries. #240requirements.txt file, build the package to find the name if not given in the URL. #245name and version if not. #253packaging. #130sections value of a pinned candidate to be reused. #234>, >=, <, <= to combine with star versions. #254--save-compatible slightly. Now the version specifier saved is using the REAL compatible operator ~= as described in PEP 440. Before: requests<3.0.0,>=2.19.1, After: requests~=2.19. The new specifier accepts requests==2.19.0 as compatible version. #225${PROJECT_ROOT} in the dependency specification can be expanded to refer to the project root in pyproject.toml.
- The environment variables will be kept as they are in the lock file. #226PYTHONPATH(with python -I mode) when executing pip commands. #231pip 21.0. #235pyproject.toml.pdm use <path-to-python-root>. #221PYTHONPATH manipulation under Windows platform. #215/search endpoint is not available on given index. #211Poetry, Pipfile, flit) can also be imported as PEP 621 metadata. #175pdm search to query the /search HTTP endpoint. #195classifiers dynamic in pyproject.toml template for autogeneration. #209is_subset() returns incorrect result. #206pdm-pep517 to <0.3.0, this is the last version to support legacy project metadata format.[metadata.files] table. #196pip-shims package as a dependency. #132pdm --pep582 can enable PEP 582 globally by manipulating the WinReg. #191__pypackages__ into PATH env var during pdm run. #193pdm run:-s/--site-packages to include system site-packages when running. #178setuptools is installed before invoking editable install script. #174wheel not wheels for global projects #182sitecustomize.py instead of a .pth file to enable PEP 582. Thanks @Aloxaf.
- Update get_package_finder() to be compatible with pip 20.3. #185pyproject.toml.[tool.pdm.scripts] section.pdm run --list/-l to show the list of script shortcuts. #168pdm install. #169build-system.requires anymore. #167build to a home-grown version. #162LogWrapper. #164is_subset and is_superset may return wrong result when wildcard excludes overlaps with the upper bound. #165pycomplete. #159sitecustomize.py incorrectly gets injected into the editable console scripts. #158find_matched() is exhausted when accessed twice. #149pdm-pep517 to 0.2.0 that supports reading version from SCM. #146wheel==0.35. #135pdm export fails when the project doesn't have name property. #126pip to 20.1. #125export to export to alternative formats. #117resolvelib 0.4.0. #118resolvelib 0.3.0. #116setuptools to be installed in the isolated environment.pdm use. #96python_requires when initializing project. #89wheel package is available before building packages. #90pythonfinder, python-cfonts, pip-shims and many others.
- Drop dependency vistir. #89pdm build. #81pmd import to import project metadata from Pipfile, poetry, flit, requirements.txt.
- #79pdm init and pdm install will auto-detect possible files that can be imported.package_dir is mapped. #81pdm init will use the current directory rather than finding the parents when
-global project is not activated.plugins to entry_pointsclick to argparse, for better extensibility. #73-g/--global to manage global project. The default location is at ~/.pdm/global-project.-p/--project to select project root other than the default one. #30pdm config del to delete an existing config item. #71pdm init. #674.0 as infinite upper bound when checking subsetting. #66ImpossiblePySpec's hash clashes with normal one.pdm config to inspect configurations. #26pdm cache clear to clean caches. #63--python option in pdm init. #49python_requires when initializing and defaults to >={current_version}. #50setup.py.pdm --help. #42python-cfonts to display banner. #42_editable_intall.py compatible with Py2.pdm list --graph to show a dependency graph of the working set. #10pdm update --unconstrained to ignore the version constraint of given packages. #13pdm install. #33pdm info to show project environment information. #9pip to 20.0, update pip_shims to 0.5.0. #28setup_dev.py for the convenience to setup pdm for development. #29pdm init to bootstrap a project.pdm build command.pdm init to bootstrap a project.First off, thanks for taking the time to contribute! Contributions include but are not restricted to:
-The following is a set of guidelines for contributing.
-This section is for beginners to OSS. If you are an experienced OSS developer, you can skip -this section.
-1 -2 -3 | |
1 -2 | |
fork is the remote name of the fork repository.ProTips:
-To update main branch to date:
-1 -2 -3 | |
We recommend working in a virtual environment.
-Feel free to create a virtual environment with either the venv module or the virtualenv tool.
-For example:
1 -2 -3 | |
Make sure your pip is newer than 21.3 to install PDM in develop/editable mode.
1 -2 | |
Make sure PDM uses the virtual environment you just created:
-1 -2 | |
Install PDM development dependencies:
-1 | |
Now, all dependencies are installed into the Python environment you chose, which will be used for development after this point.
-1 | |
The test suite is still simple and needs expansion! Please help write more test cases.
-Note
-You can also run your test suite against all supported Python version using tox with the tox-pdm plugin.
-You can either run it by yourself with:
1 | |
or from pdm with:
1 | |
PDM uses pre-commit for linting. Install pre-commit first, for example with pip or pipx:
1 | |
1 | |
Then initialize pre-commit:
1 | |
You can now lint the code with:
-1 | |
PDM uses black for code style and isort for sorting import statements. If you are not following them,
-the CI will fail and your Pull Request will not be merged.
When you make changes such as fixing a bug or adding a feature, you must add a news fragment describing
-your change. News fragments are placed in the news/ directory, and should be named according to this pattern: <issue_num>.<issue_type>.md (e.g., 566.bugfix.md).
feature: Features and improvementsbugfix: Bug fixesrefactor: Code restructuresdoc: Added or improved documentationdep: Changes to dependenciesremoval: Removals or deprecations in the APImisc: Miscellaneous changes that don't fit any of the other categoriesThe contents of the file should be a single sentence in the imperative
-mood that describes your changes. (e.g., Deduplicate the plugins list. ) See entries in the Change Log for more examples.
If you make some changes to the docs/ and you want to preview the build result, simply do:
1 | |
Once all changes are done and ready to release, you can preview the changelog contents by running:
-1 | |
Make sure the next version and the changelog are as expected in the output.
-Then cut a release on the main branch:
-1 | |
GitHub action will create the release and upload the distributions to PyPI.
-Read more options about version bumping by pdm run release --help.
Some reusable fixtures for pytest.
New in version 2.4.0
-To enable them in your test, add pdm.pytest as a plugin.
-You can do so in your root conftest.py:
| conftest.py | |
|---|---|
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 | |
IndexMap = Dict[str, Path]
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Path some root-relative http paths to some local paths
-IndexOverrides = Dict[str, str]
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#PyPI indexes overrides fixture format
-IndexesDefinition = Dict[str, Union[Tuple[IndexMap, IndexOverrides, bool], IndexMap]]
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Mock PyPI indexes format
-Distribution
-
-
-#A mock Distribution
- - - - - -LocalFileAdapter
-
-
-#
- Bases: requests.adapters.BaseAdapter
A local file adapter for request.
-Allows to mock some HTTP requests with some local files
- - - - - -MockWorkingSet
-
-
-#
- Bases: collections.abc.MutableMapping
A mock working set
- - - - - -PDMCallable
-
-
-#
- Bases: Protocol
The PDM fixture callable signature
- - - - - -__call__(args, strict=False, input=None, obj=None, env=None, **kwargs)
-
-#Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
args |
-
- str | list[str]
- |
- the command arguments as a single lexable string or a strings array |
- - required - | -
strict |
-
- bool
- |
- raise an exception on failure instead of returning if enabled |
-
- False
- |
-
input |
-
- str | None
- |
- an optional string to be submitted too |
-
- None
- |
-
obj |
-
- Project | None
- |
- an optional existing |
-
- None
- |
-
env |
-
- Mapping[str, str] | None
- |
- override the environment variables with those |
-
- None
- |
-
Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- RunResult
- |
- The command result |
-
RunResult
-
-
-
- dataclass
-
-
-#Store a command execution result.
- - - - - -exception: Exception | None = None
-
-
- instance-attribute
- class-attribute
-
-
-#If set, the exception raised on execution
-exit_code: int
-
-
- instance-attribute
-
-
-#The execution exit code
-output: str
-
-
- property
-
-
-#The execution stdout output (stdout alias)
outputs: str
-
-
- property
-
-
-#The execution stdout and stderr outputs concatenated
stderr: str
-
-
- instance-attribute
-
-
-#The execution stderr output
stdout: str
-
-
- instance-attribute
-
-
-#The execution stdout output
print()
-
-#A debugging facility
- -TestRepository
-
-
-#
- Bases: BaseRepository
A mock repository to ease testing dependencies
- - - - - -build_env(build_env_wheels, tmp_path_factory)
-
-#A fixture build environment
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
build_env_wheels |
-
- Iterable[Path]
- |
- a list of wheel to install in the environment |
- - required - | -
Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- Path
- |
- The build environment temporary path |
-
build_env_wheels()
-
-#Expose some wheels to be installed in the build environment.
-Override to provide your owns.
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- Iterable[Path]
- |
- a list of wheels paths to install |
-
local_finder_artifacts()
-
-#The local finder search path as a fixture
-Override to provides your own artifacts.
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- Path
- |
- The path to the artifacts root |
-
pdm(core, monkeypatch)
-
-#A fixture allowing to execute PDM commands
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- PDMCallable
- |
- A |
-
project(project_no_init)
-
-#A fixture creating an initialized test project for the current test.
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- Project
- |
- The initialized project |
-
project_no_init(tmp_path, mocker, core, pdm_session, monkeypatch, build_env)
-
-#A fixture creating a non-initialized test project for the current test.
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- Project
- |
- The non-initialized project |
-
pypi_indexes()
-
-#Provides some mocked PyPI entries
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- IndexesDefinition
- |
- a definition of the mocked indexes |
-
remove_pep582_path_from_pythonpath(pythonpath)
-
-#Remove all pep582 paths of PDM from PYTHONPATH
- -repository(project, mocker, repository_pypi_json, local_finder)
-
-#A fixture providing a mock PyPI repository
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- TestRepository
- |
- A mock repository |
-
repository_pypi_json()
-
-#The test repository fake PyPI definition path as a fixture
-Override to provides your own definition path.
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- Path
- |
- The path to a fake PyPI repository JSON definition |
-
venv_backends(project, request)
-
-#A fixture iterating over venv backends
working_set(mocker, repository)
-
-#a mock working set as a fixture
- -Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- MockWorkingSet
- |
- a mock working set |
-
PDM is aiming at being a community driven package manager. -It is shipped with a full-featured plug-in system, with which you can:
-The core PDM project focuses on dependency management and package publishing. Other -functionalities you wish to integrate with PDM are preferred to lie in their own plugins -and released as standalone PyPI projects. In case the plugin is considered a good supplement -of the core project it may have a chance to be absorbed into PDM.
-In the following sections, I will show an example of adding a new command hello which reads the hello.name config.
The PDM's CLI module is designed in a way that user can easily "inherit and modify". To write a new command:
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 | |
First, let's create a new HelloCommand class inheriting from pdm.cli.commands.base.BaseCommand. It has two major functions:
add_arguments() to manipulate the argument parser passed as the only argument,
- where you can add additional command line arguments to ithandle() to do something when the subcommand is matched, you can do nothing by writing a single pass statement.
- It accepts two arguments: an pdm.project.Project object as the first one and the parsed argparse.Namespace object as the second.The document string will serve as the command help text, which will be shown in pdm --help.
Besides, PDM's subcommand has two default options: -v/--verbose to change the verbosity level and -g/--global to enable global project.
-If you don't want these default options, override the arguments class attribute to a list of pdm.cli.options.Option objects, or
-assign it to an empty list to have no default options:
1 -2 -3 | |
Note
-The default options are loaded first, then add_arguments() is called.
Write a function somewhere in your plugin project. There is no limit on what the name of the function is, -but the function should take only one argument -- the PDM core object:
-1 -2 | |
Call core.register_command() to register the command. The second argument as the name of the subcommand is optional.
-PDM will look for the HelloCommand's name attribute if the name is not passed.
Let's recall the first code snippet, hello.name config key is consulted for the name if not passed via the command line.
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 | |
Till now, if you query the config value by pdm config get hello.name, an error will pop up saying it is not a valid config key.
-You need to register the config item, too:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
where ConfigItem class takes 4 parameters, in the following order:
description: a description of the config itemdefault: default value of the config itemglobal_only: whether the config is allowed to set in home config onlyenv_var: the name of environment variable which will be read as the config valueBesides of commands and configurations, the core object exposes some other methods and attributes to override.
-PDM also provides some signals you can listen to.
-Please read the API reference for more details.
When developing a plugin, one hopes to activate and plugin in development and get updated when the code changes.
-You can achieve this by installing the plugin in editable mode. To do this, specify the dependencies in tool.pdm.plugins array:
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
Then install it with:
-1 | |
After that, all the dependencies are available in a project plugin library, including the plugin itself, in editable mode. That means any change
-to the codebase will take effect immediately without re-installation. The pdm executable also uses a Python interpreter under the hood,
-so if you run pdm from inside the plugin project, the plugin in development will be activated automatically, and you can do some testing to see how it works.
PDM exposes some pytest fixtures as a plugin in the pdm.pytest module.
-To benefit from them, you must add pdm[pytest] as a test dependency.
To enable them in your test, add pdm.pytest as a plugin. You can do so by in your root conftest.py:
| conftest.py | |
|---|---|
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 | |
You can see some usage examples into PDM own tests, especially the conftest.py file for configuration.
-See the pytest fixtures documentation for more details.
-Now you have defined your plugin already, let's distribute it to PyPI. PDM's plugins are discovered by entry point types.
-Create an pdm entry point and point to your plugin callable (yeah, it doesn't need to be a function, any callable object can work):
PEP 621:
-1 -2 -3 -4 | |
setuptools:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 | |
As plugins are loaded via entry points, they can be activated with no more steps than just installing the plugin.
-For convenience, PDM provides a plugin command group to manage plugins.
Assume your plugin is published as pdm-hello:
1 | |
Now type pdm --help in the terminal, you will see the new added hello command and use it:
1 -2 | |
See more plugin management subcommands by typing pdm self --help in the terminal.
To specify the required plugins for a project, you can use the tool.pdm.plugins config in the pyproject.toml file.
-These dependencies can be installed into a project plugin library by running pdm install --plugins.
-The project plugin library will be loaded in subsequent PDM commands.
This is useful when you want to share the same plugin set with the contributors.
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
Run pdm install --plugins to install and activate the plugins.
Alternatively, you can have project-local plugins that are not published to PyPI, by using editable local dependencies:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
-PDM, as described, is a modern Python package and dependency manager supporting the latest PEP standards. But it is more than a package manager. It boosts your development workflow in various aspects. The most significant benefit is it installs and manages packages
-in a similar way to npm that doesn't need to create a virtualenv at all!
PDM requires Python 3.7+ to be installed. It works on multiple platforms including Windows, Linux and macOS.
-Note
-You can still have your project working on lower Python versions, read how to do it here.
-PDM requires python version 3.7 or higher.
-Like Pip, PDM provides an installation script that will install PDM into an isolated environment.
-1 | |
1 | |
For security reasons, you should verify the checksum of install-pdm.py.
-It can be downloaded from install-pdm.py.sha256.
For example, on Linux/Mac:
-1 -2 -3 -4 | |
The installer will install PDM into the user site and the location depends on the system:
-$HOME/.local/bin for Unix%APPDATA%\Python\Scripts on WindowsYou can pass additional options to the script to control how PDM is installed:
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 | |
You can either pass the options after the script or set the env var value.
-1 | |
1 -2 | |
1 | |
Install the head version of GitHub repository. -Make sure you have installed Git LFS on your system.
-1 | |
To install PDM with all features:
-1 | |
See also: https://pypa.github.io/pipx/
-1 | |
Assuming you have asdf installed. -
1 -2 -3 | |
By copying the Pyprojectx wrapper scripts to a project, you can install PDM as -(npm-style) dev dependency inside that project. This allows different projects/branches to use different PDM versions.
-To initialize a new or existing project, -cd into the project folder and:
-1 -2 | |
1 -2 | |
When installing pdm with this method, you need to run all pdm commands through the pw wrapper:
1 | |
1 | |
PDM supports generating completion scripts for Bash, Zsh, Fish or Powershell. Here are some common locations for each shell:
-1 | |
1 -2 | |
Oh-My-Zsh:
-1 -2 | |
Then make sure pdm plugin is enabled in ~/.zshrc
-1 | |
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 | |
PDM offers experimental support for PEP 582 as an opt-in feature, in addition to virtualenv management. Although the Python Steering Council has rejected PEP 582, you can still test it out using PDM.
-To learn more about the two modes, refer to the relevant chapters on Working with virtualenv and Working with PEP 582.
-Awesome PDM is a curated list of awesome PDM plugins and resources.
-
-
- 
-
-
pdm.core.Core
-
-
-#A high level object that manages all classes and configurations
- - - - - -add_config(name, config_item)
-
-
- staticmethod
-
-
-#Add a config item to the configuration class.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
name |
-
- str
- |
- The name of the config item |
- - required - | -
config_item |
-
- pdm.project.config.ConfigItem
- |
- The config item to add |
- - required - | -
create_project(root_path=None, is_global=False, global_config=None)
-
-#Create a new project object
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
root_path |
-
- PathLike
- |
- The path to the project root directory |
-
- None
- |
-
is_global |
-
- bool
- |
- Whether the project is a global project |
-
- False
- |
-
global_config |
-
- str
- |
- The path to the global config file |
-
- None
- |
-
Returns:
-| Type | -Description | -
|---|---|
- Project
- |
- The project object |
-
handle(project, options)
-
-#Called before command invocation
- -load_plugins()
-
-#Import and load plugins under pdm.plugin namespace
-A plugin is a callable that accepts the core object as the only argument.
1 -2 | |
main(args=None, prog_name=None, obj=None, **extra)
-
-#The main entry function
- -register_command(command, name=None)
-
-#Register a subcommand to the subparsers, -with an optional name of the subcommand.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
command |
-
- Type[pdm.cli.commands.base.BaseCommand]
- |
- The command class to register |
- - required - | -
name |
-
- str
- |
- The name of the subcommand, if not given, |
-
- None
- |
-
pdm.core.Project
-
-
-#Core project class.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
core |
-
- Core
- |
- The core instance. |
- - required - | -
root_path |
-
- str | Path | None
- |
- The root path of the project. |
- - required - | -
is_global |
-
- bool
- |
- Whether the project is global. |
-
- False
- |
-
global_config |
-
- str | Path | None
- |
- The path to the global config file. |
-
- None
- |
-
default_source: RepositoryConfig
-
-
- property
-
-
-#Get the default source from the pypi setting
-config()
-
-#A read-only dict configuration
- -find_interpreters(python_spec=None)
-
-#Return an iterable of interpreter paths that matches the given specifier,
- -get_provider(strategy='all', tracked_names=None, for_install=False, ignore_compatibility=True, direct_minimal_versions=False)
-
-#Build a provider class for resolver.
-:param strategy: the resolve strategy -:param tracked_names: the names of packages that needs to update -:param for_install: if the provider is for install -:param ignore_compatibility: if the provider should ignore the compatibility when evaluating candidates -:param direct_minimal_versions: if the provider should prefer minimal versions instead of latest -:returns: The provider object
- -get_reporter(requirements, tracked_names=None, spinner=None)
-
-#Return the reporter object to construct a resolver.
-:param requirements: requirements to resolve -:param tracked_names: the names of packages that needs to update -:param spinner: optional spinner object -:returns: a reporter
- -get_repository(cls=None, ignore_compatibility=True)
-
-#Get the repository object
- -project_config()
-
-#Read-and-writable configuration dict for project settings
- -resolve_interpreter()
-
-#Get the Python interpreter path.
- -use_pyproject_dependencies(group, dev=False)
-
-#Get the dependencies array and setter in the pyproject.toml -Return a tuple of two elements, the first is the dependencies array, -and the second value is a callable to set the dependencies array back.
- -write_lockfile(toml_data, show_message=True, write=True, **_kwds)
-
-#Write the lock file to disk.
- -New in version 1.12.0
- - -The signal definition for PDM.
- -1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 | |
post_build: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_build')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after a project is built.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
artifacts |
-
- Sequence[str]
- |
- The locations of built artifacts |
- - required - | -
config_settings |
-
- dict[str, str] | None
- |
- Additional config settings passed via args |
- - required - | -
post_init: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_init')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after a project is initialized.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
post_install: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_install')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after a project is installed.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
candidates |
-
- dict[str, Candidate]
- |
- The candidates installed |
- - required - | -
dry_run |
-
- bool
- |
- If true, won't perform any actions |
- - required - | -
post_lock: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_lock')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after a project is locked.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
resolution |
-
- dict[str, Candidate]
- |
- The resolved candidates |
- - required - | -
dry_run |
-
- bool
- |
- If true, won't perform any actions |
- - required - | -
post_publish: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_publish')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after a project is published.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
post_run: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_run')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after any run.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
script |
-
- str
- |
- the script name |
- - required - | -
args |
-
- Sequence[str]
- |
- the command line provided arguments |
- - required - | -
post_script: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_script')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after any script.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
script |
-
- str
- |
- the script name |
- - required - | -
args |
-
- Sequence[str]
- |
- the command line provided arguments |
- - required - | -
post_use: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_use')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called after use switched to a new Python version.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
python |
-
- PythonInfo
- |
- Information about the new Python interpreter |
- - required - | -
pre_build: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_build')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called before a project is built.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
dest |
-
- str
- |
- The destination location |
- - required - | -
config_settings |
-
- dict[str, str] | None
- |
- Additional config settings passed via args |
- - required - | -
pre_install: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_install')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called before a project is installed.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
candidates |
-
- dict[str, Candidate]
- |
- The candidates to install |
- - required - | -
dry_run |
-
- bool
- |
- If true, won't perform any actions |
- - required - | -
pre_invoke: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_invoke')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called before any command is invoked.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
command |
-
- str | None
- |
- the command name |
- - required - | -
options |
-
- Namespace
- |
- the parsed arguments |
- - required - | -
pre_lock: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_lock')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called before a project is locked.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
requirements |
-
- list[Requirement]
- |
- The requirements to lock |
- - required - | -
dry_run |
-
- bool
- |
- If true, won't perform any actions |
- - required - | -
pre_publish: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_publish')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called before a project is published.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
pre_run: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_run')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called before any run.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
script |
-
- str
- |
- the script name |
- - required - | -
args |
-
- Sequence[str]
- |
- the command line provided arguments |
- - required - | -
pre_script: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_script')
-
-
- module-attribute
-
-
-#Called before any script.
- -Parameters:
-| Name | -Type | -Description | -Default | -
|---|---|---|---|
project |
-
- Project
- |
- The project object |
- - required - | -
script |
-
- str
- |
- the script name |
- - required - | -
args |
-
- Sequence[str]
- |
- the command line provided arguments |
- - required - | -
pdm uses the PEP 517 to build the package. It acts as a build frontend that calls the build backend to build the package.
A build backend is what drives the build system to build source distributions and wheels from arbitrary source trees.
-If you run pdm init, PDM will let you choose the build backend to use. Unlike other package managers, PDM does not force you to use a specific build backend. You can choose the one you like. Here is a list of build backends and corresponding configurations initially supported by PDM:
pyproject.toml configuration:
1 -2 -3 | |
pyproject.toml configuration:
1 -2 -3 | |
pyproject.toml configuration:
1 -2 -3 | |
pyproject.toml configuration:
1 -2 -3 | |
Apart from the above mentioned backends, you can also use any other backend that supports PEP 621, however, poetry-core is not supported because it does not support reading PEP 621 metadata.
-Info
-If you are using a custom build backend that is not in the above list, PDM will handle the relative paths as PDM-style(${PROJECT_ROOT} variable).
Options:
-
Read the docs-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-V, --version: Show the version and exit-c, --config: Specify another config file path [env var: PDM_CONFIG_FILE] -v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-I, --ignore-python: Ignore the Python path saved in.pdm-python. [env var: PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON]--pep582 SHELL: Print the command line to be eval'd by the shellCommands:
---Add package(s) to pyproject.toml and install them
-
Package Arguments:
--e, --editable: Specify editable packagespackages: Specify packagesOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]--save-compatible: Save compatible version specifiers--save-wildcard: Save wildcard version specifiers--save-exact: Save exact version specifiers--save-minimum: Save minimum version specifiers--update-reuse: Reuse pinned versions already present in lock file if possible--update-eager: Try to update the packages and their dependencies recursively--update-all: Update all dependencies and sub-dependencies--pre, --prerelease: Allow prereleases to be pinned-u, --unconstrained: Ignore the version constraint of packages--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.-d, --dev: Add packages into dev dependencies-G, --group: Specify the target dependency group to add into--no-sync: Only writepyproject.toml and do not sync the working set (default: True)Install Options:
---no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.--Build artifacts for distribution
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--no-sdist: Don't build source tarballs (default: True)--no-wheel: Don't build wheels (default: True)-d, --dest: Target directory to put artifacts (default: dist)--no-clean: Do not clean the target directory (default: True)--config-setting, -C: Pass options to the backend. options with a value must be specified after "=": --config-setting=--opt(=value) or -C--opt(=value)--Control the caches of PDM
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputCommands:
---Clean all the files under cache directory
-
Positional Arguments:
-type: Clear the given type of cachesOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--Remove files matching the given pattern
-
Positional Arguments:
-pattern: The pattern to removeOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--List the built wheels stored in the cache
-
Positional Arguments:
-pattern: The pattern to list (default: *)Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--Show the info and current size of caches
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--Generate completion scripts for the given shell
-
Positional Arguments:
-shell: The shell to generate the scripts for. If not given, PDM will properly guess from SHELL env var.Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.--Display the current configuration
-
Positional Arguments:
-key: Config keyvalue: Config valueOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-l, --local: Set config in the project's local configuration file-d, --delete: Unset a configuration key-e, --edit: Edit the configuration file in the default editor(defined by EDITOR env var)--Export the locked packages set to other formats
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]-f, --format: Specify the export file format (default: requirements)--without-hashes: Don't include artifact hashes (default: True)-o, --output: Write output to the given file, or print to stdout if not given--pyproject: Read the list of packages frompyproject.toml--expandvars: Expand environment variables in requirementsDependencies Selection:
--G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)--Fix the project problems according to the latest version of PDM
-
Positional Arguments:
-problem: Fix the specific problem, or all if not givenOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Only show the problems--Import project metadata from other formats
-
Positional Arguments:
-filename: The file nameOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-d, --dev: import packages into dev dependencies-G, --group: Specify the target dependency group to import into-f, --format: Specify the file format explicitly--Show the project information
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--python: Show the interpreter path--where: Show the project root path--packages: Show the local packages root--env: Show PEP 508 environment markers--json: Dump the information in JSON--Initialize a pyproject.toml for PDM
-
Positional Arguments:
-template: Specify the project template, which can be a local path or a Git URLgenerator_args: Arguments passed to the generatorOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--copier: Use Copier to generate project [not installed] (default: builtin)--cookiecutter: Use Cookiecutter to generate project [not installed] (default: builtin)-r, --overwrite: Overwrite existing filesBuiltin Generator Options:
--n, --non-interactive: Don't ask questions but use default values--python: Specify the Python version/path to use--backend: Specify the build backend--lib: Create a library project--Install dependencies from lock file
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--check: Check if the lock file is up to date and fail otherwise--plugins: Install the plugins specified inpyproject.tomlInstall Options:
---no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Dependencies Selection:
--G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)--List packages installed in the current working set
-
Positional Arguments:
-patterns: Filter packages by patterns. e.g. pdm list requests- flask-. In --tree mode, only show the subtree of the matched packages.Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--freeze: Show the installed dependencies in pip's requirements.txt format--tree, --graph: Display a tree of dependencies-r, --reverse: Reverse the dependency tree--resolve: Resolve all requirements to output licenses (instead of just showing those currently installed)--fields: Select information to output as a comma separated string. All fields: groups,homepage,licenses,location,name,version. (default: name,version,location)--sort: Sort the output using a given field name. If nothing is set, no sort is applied. Multiple fields can be combined with ','.--csv: Output dependencies in CSV document format--json: Output dependencies in JSON document format--markdown: Output dependencies and legal notices in markdown document format - best effort basis--include: Dependency groups to include in the output. By default all are included--exclude: Exclude dependency groups from the output--Resolve and lock dependencies
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--refresh: Don't update pinned versions, only refresh the lock file--check: Check if the lock file is up to date and quitLock Strategy:
---strategy, -S STRATEGY: Specify lock strategy (cross_platform, static_urls, direct_minimal_versions). Add 'no_' prefix to disable. Can be supplied multiple times or split by comma.--no-cross-platform: [DEPRECATED] Only lock packages for the current platform--static-urls: [DEPRECATED] Store static file URLs in the lockfile--no-static-urls: [DEPRECATED] Do not store static file URLs in the lockfileDependencies Selection:
--G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)--Build and publish the project to PyPI
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.-r, --repository: The repository name or url to publish the package to [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_REPO]-u, --username: The username to access the repository [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_USERNAME]-P, --password: The password to access the repository [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_PASSWORD]-S, --sign: Upload the package with PGP signature-i, --identity: GPG identity used to sign files.-c, --comment: The comment to include with the distribution file.--no-build: Don't build the package before publishing (default: True)--no-very-ssl: Disable SSL verification--ca-certs: The path to a PEM-encoded Certificate Authority bundle to use for publish server validation [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_CA_CERTS]--Remove packages from pyproject.toml
-
Positional Arguments:
-packages: Specify the packages to removeOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-d, --dev: Remove packages from dev dependencies-G, --group: Specify the target dependency group to remove from--no-sync: Only writepyproject.toml and do not uninstall packages (default: True)Install Options:
---no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.--Run commands or scripts with local packages loaded
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-l, --list: Show all available scripts defined inpyproject.toml-j, --json: Output all scripts infos in JSONExecution Parameters:
--s, --site-packages: Load site-packages from the selected interpreterscript: The command to runargs: Arguments that will be passed to the command--Search for PyPI packages
-
Positional Arguments:
-query: Query string to searchOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--Manage the PDM program itself (previously known as plugin)
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputCommands:
---List all packages installed with PDM
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--plugins: List plugins only--Install packages to the PDM's environment
-
Positional Arguments:
-packages: Specify one or many package names, each package can have a version specifierOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip install--Remove packages from PDM's environment
-
Positional Arguments:
-packages: Specify one or many package namesOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip uninstall-y, --yes: Answer yes on the question--Update PDM itself
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--head: Update to the latest commit on the main branch--pre: Update to the latest prerelease version--pip-args: Additional arguments that will be passed to pip install--Manage the PDM program itself (previously known as plugin)
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputCommands:
---List all packages installed with PDM
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--plugins: List plugins only--Install packages to the PDM's environment
-
Positional Arguments:
-packages: Specify one or many package names, each package can have a version specifierOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip install--Remove packages from PDM's environment
-
Positional Arguments:
-packages: Specify one or many package namesOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip uninstall-y, --yes: Answer yes on the question--Update PDM itself
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--head: Update to the latest commit on the main branch--pre: Update to the latest prerelease version--pip-args: Additional arguments that will be passed to pip install--Show the package information
-
Positional Arguments:
-package: Specify the package name, or show this package if not givenOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--name: Show name--version: Show version--summary: Show summary--license: Show license--platform: Show platform--keywords: Show keywords--Synchronize the current working set with lock file
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--clean: Clean packages not in the lockfile--only-keep: Only keep the selected packages--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-r, --reinstall: Force reinstall existing dependenciesInstall Options:
---no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Dependencies Selection:
--G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)--Update package(s) in pyproject.toml
-
Positional Arguments:
-packages: If packages are given, only update themOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]--save-compatible: Save compatible version specifiers--save-wildcard: Save wildcard version specifiers--save-exact: Save exact version specifiers--save-minimum: Save minimum version specifiers--update-reuse: Reuse pinned versions already present in lock file if possible--update-eager: Try to update the packages and their dependencies recursively--update-all: Update all dependencies and sub-dependencies--pre, --prerelease: Allow prereleases to be pinned-u, --unconstrained: Ignore the version constraint of packages-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-t, --top: Only update those listed inpyproject.toml--dry-run, --outdated: Show the difference only without modifying the lockfile content--no-sync: Only update lock file but do not sync packages (default: True)Install Options:
---no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Dependencies Selection:
--G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies--Use the given python version or path as base interpreter
-
Positional Arguments:
-python: Specify the Python version or pathOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.-f, --first: Select the first matched interpreter-i, --ignore-remembered: Ignore the remembered selection--venv: Use the interpreter in the virtual environment with the given name--Virtualenv management
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--path: Show the path to the given virtualenv--python: Show the python interpreter path for the given virtualenvCommands:
---Create a virtualenv
-
Positional Arguments:
-python: Specify which python should be used to create the virtualenvvenv_args: Additional arguments that will be passed to the backendOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-w, --with: Specify the backend to create the virtualenv-f, --force: Recreate if the virtualenv already exists-n, --name: Specify the name of the virtualenv--with-pip: Install pip with the virtualenv--List all virtualenvs associated with this project
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--Remove the virtualenv with the given name
-
Positional Arguments:
-env: The key of the virtualenvOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-y, --yes: Answer yes on the following question--Print the command to activate the virtualenv with the given name
-
Positional Arguments:
-env: The key of the virtualenvOptions:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--Purge selected/all created Virtualenvs
-
Options:
--h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-f, --force: Force purging without prompting for confirmation-i, --interactive: Interactively purge selected VirtualenvsThe default theme used by PDM is as follows:
-| Key | -Default Style | -
|---|---|
primary |
-cyan | -
success |
-green | -
warning |
-yellow | -
error |
-red | -
info |
-blue | -
req |
-bold green | -
You can change the theme colors with pdm config command. For example, to change the primary color to magenta:
1 | |
Or use a hex color code:
-1 | |
The following configuration items can be retrieved and modified by pdm config command.
| Config Item | -Description | -Default Value | -Available in Project | -Env var | -
|---|---|---|---|---|
build_isolation |
-Isolate the build environment from the project environment | -Yes | -Yes | -PDM_BUILD_ISOLATION |
-
cache_dir |
-The root directory of cached files | -The default cache location on OS | -No | -- |
check_update |
-Check if there is any newer version available | -True | -No | -PDM_CHECK_UPDATE |
-
global_project.fallback |
-Use the global project implicitly if no local project is found | -False |
-No | -- |
global_project.fallback_verbose |
-If True show message when global project is used implicitly | -True |
-No | -- |
global_project.path |
-The path to the global project | -<default config location on OS>/global-project |
-No | -- |
global_project.user_site |
-Whether to install to user site | -False |
-No | -- |
install.cache |
-Enable caching of wheel installations | -False | -Yes | -- |
install.cache_method |
-Specify how to create links to the caches(symlink or pth) |
-symlink |
-Yes | -- |
install.parallel |
-Whether to perform installation and uninstallation in parallel | -True |
-Yes | -PDM_PARALLEL_INSTALL |
-
python.use_pyenv |
-Use the pyenv interpreter | -True |
-Yes | -- |
python.use_venv |
-Use virtual environments when available | -True |
-Yes | -PDM_USE_VENV |
-
python.providers |
-List of python provider names for findpython | -All providers supported by findpython | -Yes | -- |
pypi.url |
-The URL of PyPI mirror | -https://pypi.org/simple |
-Yes | -PDM_PYPI_URL |
-
pypi.username |
-The username to access PyPI | -- | Yes | -PDM_PYPI_USERNAME |
-
pypi.password |
-The password to access PyPI | -- | Yes | -PDM_PYPI_PASSWORD |
-
pypi.ignore_stored_index |
-Ignore the configured indexes | -False |
-Yes | -PDM_IGNORE_STORED_INDEX |
-
pypi.ca_certs |
-Path to a PEM-encoded CA cert bundle (used for server cert verification) | -The CA certificates from certifi | -Yes | -- |
pypi.client_cert |
-Path to a PEM-encoded client cert and optional key | -- | No | -- |
pypi.client_key |
-Path to a PEM-encoded client cert private key, if not in pypi.client_cert | -- | No | -- |
pypi.verify_ssl |
-Verify SSL certificate when query PyPI | -True |
-Yes | -- |
pypi.json_api |
-Consult PyPI's JSON API for package metadata | -False |
-Yes | -PDM_PYPI_JSON_API |
-
pypi.<name>.url |
-The URL of custom package source | -https://pypi.org/simple |
-Yes | -- |
pypi.<name>.username |
-The username to access custom source | -- | Yes | -- |
pypi.<name>.password |
-The password to access custom source | -- | Yes | -- |
pypi.<name>.type |
-index or find_links |
-index |
-Yes | -- |
pypi.<name>.verify_ssl |
-Verify SSL certificate when query custom source | -True |
-Yes | -- |
strategy.save |
-Specify how to save versions when a package is added | -minimum(can be: exact, wildcard, minimum, compatible) |
-Yes | -- |
strategy.update |
-The default strategy for updating packages | -reuse(can be : eager) |
-Yes | -- |
strategy.resolve_max_rounds |
-Specify the max rounds of resolution process | -10000 | -Yes | -PDM_RESOLVE_MAX_ROUNDS |
-
venv.location |
-Parent directory for virtualenvs | -<default data location on OS>/venvs |
-No | -- |
venv.backend |
-Default backend to create virtualenv | -virtualenv |
-Yes | -PDM_VENV_BACKEND |
-
venv.prompt |
-Formatted string to be displayed in the prompt when virtualenv is active | -{project_name}-{python_version} |
-Yes | -PDM_VENV_PROMPT |
-
venv.in_project |
-Create virtualenv in .venv under project root |
-True |
-Yes | -PDM_VENV_IN_PROJECT |
-
venv.with_pip |
-Install pip when creating a new venv | -False |
-Yes | -PDM_VENV_WITH_PIP |
-
repository.<name>.url |
-The URL of custom package source | -https://pypi.org/simple |
-Yes | -- |
repository.<name>.username |
-The username to access custom repository | -- | Yes | -- |
repository.<name>.password |
-The password to access custom repository | -- | Yes | -- |
repository.<name>.ca_certs |
-Path to a PEM-encoded CA cert bundle (used for server cert verification) | -The CA certificates from certifi | -Yes | -- |
repository.<name>.verify_ssl |
-Verify SSL certificate when uploading to repository | -True |
-Yes | -- |
If the corresponding env var is set, the value will take precedence over what is saved in the config file.
- - - - - - - - -The project metadata are stored in the pyproject.toml. The specifications are defined by PEP 621, PEP 631 and PEP 639. Read the detailed specifications in the PEPs.
In the following part of this document, metadata should be written under [project] table if not given explicitly.
You can split a long description onto multiple lines, thanks to TOML support for multiline strings. -Just remember to escape new lines, so the final description appears -on one line only in your package metadata. -Indentation will be removed as well when escaping new lines:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 | |
See TOML's specification on strings.
-1 -2 | |
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 | |
The version will be read from the mypackage/__version__.py file searching for the pattern: __version__ = "{version}".
Read more information about other configurations in dynamic project version from the pdm-backend documentation.
The required version of Python is specified as the string requires-python:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 | |
Note: As per PEP 621,
-PDM is not permitted to dynamically update the classifiers section like some other non-compliant tools.
-Thus, you should also include the appropriate trove classifiers
-as shown above if you plan on publishing your package on PyPI.
The license is specified as the string license:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
Note: As per PEP 621,
-PDM is not permitted to dynamically update the classifiers section like some other non-compliant tools.
-Thus, you should also include the appropriate trove classifiers
-as shown above if you plan on publishing your package on PyPI.
The project.dependencies is an array of dependency specification strings following the PEP 440
-and PEP 508.
Examples:
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 | |
You can have some requirements optional, which is similar to setuptools' extras_require parameter.
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 | |
To install a group of optional dependencies:
-1 | |
-G option can be given multiple times to include more than one group.
Depending on which build backend you are using, PDM will expand some variables in the dependency strings.
-1 -2 | |
1 -2 | |
Find more usages here
-Don't worry about credential leakage, the environment variables will be expanded when needed and kept untouched in the lock file.
-When you add a package from a relative path, PDM will automatically save it as a relative path for pdm-backend and hatchling.
For example, if you run pdm add ./my-package, it will result in the following line in pyproject.toml.
1 -2 | |
1 -2 | |
By default, hatchling doesn't support direct references
-in the dependency string, you need to turn it on in pyproject.toml:
1 -2 | |
The relative path will be expanded based on the project root when installing or locking.
-The following content:
-1 -2 | |
will be translated to setuptools style:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
Also, [project.gui-scripts] will be translated to gui_scripts entry points group in setuptools style.
Other types of entry points are given by [project.entry-points.<type>] section, with the same
-format of [project.scripts]:
1 -2 | |
If the entry point name contains dots or other special characters, wrap it in quotes:
-1 -2 | |
PDM, as described, is a modern Python package and dependency manager supporting the latest PEP standards. But it is more than a package manager. It boosts your development workflow in various aspects. The most significant benefit is it installs and manages packages in a similar way to npm that doesn't need to create a virtualenv at all!
PDM requires Python 3.7+ to be installed. It works on multiple platforms including Windows, Linux and macOS.
Note
You can still have your project working on lower Python versions, read how to do it here.
"},{"location":"#recommended-installation-method","title":"Recommended installation method","text":"PDM requires python version 3.7 or higher.
Like Pip, PDM provides an installation script that will install PDM into an isolated environment.
Linux/MacWindowscurl -sSL https://pdm-project.org/install-pdm.py | python3 -\n(Invoke-WebRequest -Uri https://pdm-project.org/install-pdm.py -UseBasicParsing).Content | python -\nFor security reasons, you should verify the checksum of install-pdm.py. It can be downloaded from install-pdm.py.sha256.
For example, on Linux/Mac:
curl -sSLO https://pdm-project.org/install-pdm.py\ncurl -sSL https://pdm-project.org/install-pdm.py.sha256 | shasum -a 256 -c -\n# Run the installer\npython3 install-pdm.py [options]\nThe installer will install PDM into the user site and the location depends on the system:
$HOME/.local/bin for Unix%APPDATA%\\Python\\Scripts on WindowsYou can pass additional options to the script to control how PDM is installed:
usage: install-pdm.py [-h] [-v VERSION] [--prerelease] [--remove] [-p PATH] [-d DEP]\n\noptional arguments:\n -h, --help show this help message and exit\n -v VERSION, --version VERSION | envvar: PDM_VERSION\n Specify the version to be installed, or HEAD to install from the main branch\n --prerelease | envvar: PDM_PRERELEASE Allow prereleases to be installed\n --remove | envvar: PDM_REMOVE Remove the PDM installation\n -p PATH, --path PATH | envvar: PDM_HOME Specify the location to install PDM\n -d DEP, --dep DEP | envvar: PDM_DEPS Specify additional dependencies, can be given multiple times\nYou can either pass the options after the script or set the env var value.
"},{"location":"#other-installation-methods","title":"Other installation methods","text":"HomebrewScooppipxpipasdfinside projectbrew install pdm\nscoop bucket add frostming https://github.com/frostming/scoop-frostming.git\nscoop install pdm\npipx install pdm\nInstall the head version of GitHub repository. Make sure you have installed Git LFS on your system.
pipx install git+https://github.com/pdm-project/pdm.git@main#egg=pdm\nTo install PDM with all features:
pipx install pdm[all]\nSee also: https://pypa.github.io/pipx/
pip install --user pdm\nAssuming you have asdf installed.
asdf plugin add pdm\nasdf local pdm latest\nasdf install pdm\nBy copying the Pyprojectx wrapper scripts to a project, you can install PDM as (npm-style) dev dependency inside that project. This allows different projects/branches to use different PDM versions.
To initialize a new or existing project, cd into the project folder and:
Linux/MacWindowscurl -LO https://github.com/pyprojectx/pyprojectx/releases/latest/download/wrappers.zip && unzip wrappers.zip && rm -f wrappers.zip\n./pw --init pdm\nInvoke-WebRequest https://github.com/pyprojectx/pyprojectx/releases/latest/download/wrappers.zip -OutFile wrappers.zip; Expand-Archive -Path wrappers.zip -DestinationPath .; Remove-Item -Path wrappers.zip\n.\\pw --init pdm\nWhen installing pdm with this method, you need to run all pdm commands through the pw wrapper:
./pw pdm install\npdm self update\nPDM supports generating completion scripts for Bash, Zsh, Fish or Powershell. Here are some common locations for each shell:
BashZshFishPowershellpdm completion bash > /etc/bash_completion.d/pdm.bash-completion\n# Make sure ~/.zfunc is added to fpath, before compinit.\npdm completion zsh > ~/.zfunc/_pdm\nOh-My-Zsh:
mkdir $ZSH_CUSTOM/plugins/pdm\npdm completion zsh > $ZSH_CUSTOM/plugins/pdm/_pdm\nThen make sure pdm plugin is enabled in ~/.zshrc
pdm completion fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/pdm.fish\n# Create a directory to store completion scripts\nmkdir $PROFILE\\..\\Completions\necho @'\nGet-ChildItem \"$PROFILE\\..\\Completions\\\" | ForEach-Object {\n . $_.FullName\n}\n'@ | Out-File -Append -Encoding utf8 $PROFILE\n# Generate script\nSet-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted -Scope CurrentUser\npdm completion powershell | Out-File -Encoding utf8 $PROFILE\\..\\Completions\\pdm_completion.ps1\nPDM offers experimental support for PEP 582 as an opt-in feature, in addition to virtualenv management. Although the Python Steering Council has rejected PEP 582, you can still test it out using PDM.
To learn more about the two modes, refer to the relevant chapters on Working with virtualenv and Working with PEP 582.
"},{"location":"#pdm-eco-system","title":"PDM Eco-system","text":"Awesome PDM is a curated list of awesome PDM plugins and resources.
"},{"location":"#sponsors","title":"Sponsors","text":""},{"location":"dev/benchmark/","title":"Benchmark","text":"This page has been removed, please visit https://lincolnloop.github.io/python-package-manager-shootout/ for a detailed benchmark report.
"},{"location":"dev/changelog/","title":"Changelog","text":"Attention
Major and minor releases also include changes listed within prior beta releases.
"},{"location":"dev/changelog/#release-v2104-2023-11-24","title":"Release v2.10.4 (2023-11-24)","text":""},{"location":"dev/changelog/#bug-fixes","title":"Bug Fixes","text":"-r requirements paths relative to the requirement file they are specified in #2422pdm publish fails with HTTP error. #2400__init__.py contains an unusual line. #2378pdm init being read-only when copied from a read-only PDM installation. #2379export command. #2390--extra--index-url #2342include_packages and exclude_packages config under tool.pdm.source table. #1645requires-python range. And provide a way to ignore them per-package. #2304-q/--quiet option to suppress some warnings printed to the console. This option is mutually exclusive with -v/--verbose. #2304--strategy/-S option for lock command, to specify one or more strategy flags for resolving dependencies. --static-urls and --no-cross-platform are deprecated at the same time. #2310pdm.cli.commands.venv.backend.Backend._ensure_clean to empty the .venv folder instead of deleting it. #2282--venv option. #2314--no-default is requested. #2230--no-isolated does. #2071--no-lock option doesn't work as expected. Also support --no-lock option for add, remove and update commands. #2245findpython to find pythons with the spec given by the user. #2225virtualenv python.exe binary under bin/ as well as Scripts/ and the virtualenv/conda root. #2236${PROJECT_ROOT} variable in the lockfile. #2240pdm run should only find local file if the command starts with ./. #2221--overwrite option to pdm init to overwrite existing files(default False). #2163pdm list command. Add --tree as an alias and preferred name of --graph option. #2165pdm run to run a script with the relative or absolute path. #2217@ file:// dependencies can not be updated. #2169requires-python cause PDM to crash. #2175comarable_version(\"1.2.3+local1\") == Version(\"1.2.3\"). #2182pdm-pep517. #2167sitecustomize.py. #2139keyring, copier, cookiecutter, template, truststore dependency groups. #2109PDM_PROJECT for -p/--project option. #2126pyproject.toml if both --unconstrained and --dry-run are passed to pdm update. #2125build-system table when importing from other package manager. #2126unearth to 0.10.0 #2113pdm install. #2086*_lock hooks are always emitted with dry_run=True in pdm update. #2060pdm install --plugins can't install self. #2062cookiecutter and copier as project generator. #2059pdm init now accepts a template argument to initialize project from a built-in or Git template. #2053DeprecationWarning with FutureWarning for better exposure. #2012install-pdm.py and its checksum file on the docs site. #2026--edit/-e to pdm config to edit the config file in default editor. #2028--project option to pdm venv to support another path as the project root. #2042truststore as the SSL backend. This only works on Python 3.10 or newer. #2049pdm self list. #2018url field when converting requirements from a Pipfile-style file requirement. #2032No significant changes.
"},{"location":"dev/changelog/#release-v273-2023-06-13","title":"Release v2.7.3 (2023-06-13)","text":""},{"location":"dev/changelog/#bug-fixes_14","title":"Bug Fixes","text":"parser argument is passed to BaseCommand.__init__() method. #2007pdm list. #1973pdm init -n doesn't respect the --python option. #1984setup.py if it prints something to stdout. #1995install-pdm.py. #1996PDM_PYPI_USERNAME and PDM_PYPI_PASSWORD when there are no defaults in config. #1961repository.custom.verify_ssl config option as well as new command line argument of publish command. #1928PATH env var. #1944ResourceWarnings when running the test suite with warnings enabled. #1915tool.poetry.build doesn't exist. #1935pdm import clobbers build-system.requires value in pyproject.toml. #1948pdm sync instead of pdm install --no-lock. #1947PATH env var isn't set correctly when running under non-isolation mode. #1904tool.pdm.plugins setting. #1461--json flag to both run and info command allowing to dump scripts and infos as JSON. #1854_) as internal tasks and hide them from the listing. #1855pdm init -n(non-interactive mode), a venv will be created by default. Previously, the selected Python will be used under PEP 582 mode. #1862--no-cross-platform to pdm lock to create a non-cross-platform lockfile. #1898--venv option descriptions in zsh completion script. #1847package and package[extra]. #1851FileNotFoundError if the requirement path is not found. #1875No significant changes.
"},{"location":"dev/changelog/#release-v254-2023-05-05","title":"Release v2.5.4 (2023-05-05)","text":""},{"location":"dev/changelog/#bug-fixes_21","title":"Bug Fixes","text":"<2.0 to avoid incompatibility with cachecontrol. #1886markdown-exec to 1.5.0 for rendering TOC in CLI reference page. #1836PDM_USE_VENV as PDM_IN_VENV for --venv flag as it mistakenly override another existing env var. #1829pdm --pep582 raises an argument error. #1823resolution.respect-source-order is enabled, sources are lazily evaluated. This means that if a match is found on the first source, the remaining sources will not be requested. #1509--venv <venv> to run a command in the virtual environment with the given name. #1705PDM_PREFER_BINARY environment variable. #1817pdm lock. #1796environment.is_global property. #1814pdm init -p <dir> if the target directory is not created yet. #1822pdm-backend. #1684pdm.toml which can be committed to the VCS. #1742Environment is renamed to PythonLocalEnvironment and GlobalEnvironment is renamed to PythonEnvironment. Move pdm.models.environment module to pdm.environments package. #1791unearth to 0.8 to allow calling keyring from CLI. #1653venv command to show the path or the python interpreter for a managed venv. #1680--lib option to init command to create a library project without prompting. #1708pdm fix to migrate to the new PDM features. Add a hint when invoking PDM commands. #1743.pdm-python in project root .gitignore when running pdm init. #1749PDM_IGNORE_ACTIVE_VENV env var. #1782pre_invoke to emit before any command is invoked. #1792pdm export due to non-deterministic order of group iteration. #1786pdm show --version #1788installer to 0.7.0 and emit a warning if the RECORD validation fails. #1784pdm export output doesn't include the extras of the dependencies. #1767pdm export. #1730venv.prompt configuration when using conda as the backend. #1734. with - when normalizing package name. #1745pdm venv activate without specifying env_name to activate in project venv created by conda #1735ruff as the linter. #1715asdf. #1725requires-python doesn't work for all dependencies. #1690pdm-pep517 instead of setuptools. #1658importlib.resources. #1660pdm run. #1652pdm config. #1622python. #1626packaging>=22. #1619subdirectory attribute to the lockfile entry. #1630pyproject.toml. #1310pytest plugin pdm.pytest for plugin developers. #1594pdm.lock with an @generated comment. #1611sitecustomize to the home directory if it exists in the filesystem(not packed in a zipapp). #1572build-system.requires, since build and hatch both support it. Be aware it is not allowed in the standard. #1560packaging 22.0. #1562__file__ usages with importlib.resources, to make PDM usable in a zipapp. #1567package==22.0 from the dependencies to avoid some breakages to the end users. #1568pdm.pep517 as the metadata transformer for unknown custom build backends. #1546installer to 0.6.0. #1550unearth to 0.6.3 and test against packaging==22.0. #1555pdm use. #1542tool.pdm.overrides table to tool.pdm.resolution.overrides. The old name is deprecated at the same time. #1503--backend option to pdm init command, users can choose a favorite backend from setuptools, flit, hatchling and pdm-pep517(default), since they all support PEP 621 standards. #1504{args[:default]} placeholder. #1507python.use_venv=False #1508findpython installed. #1516install.cache set to true and caching method is pth. #863pdm-pep517. #1504pep517 with pyproject-hooks because of the rename. #1528setup.py format, users are encouraged to migrate to the PEP 621 metadata. #1504sitecustomize.py respect the PDM_PROJECT_MAX_DEPTH environment variable #1471python_version in the environment marker. When the version contains only one digit, the result was incorrect. #1484venv.prompt configuration to allow customizing prompt when a virtualenv is activated #1332ca_certs or from the command line via pdm publish --ca-certs <path> .... #1392plugin command to self, and it can not only manage plugins but also all dependencies. Add a subcommand self update to update PDM itself. #1406pdm init to receive a Python path or version via --python option. #1412requires-python when importing from other formats. #1426pdm instead of pip to resolve and install build requirements. So that PDM configurations can control the process. #1429pdm config command. #1450pdm lock --check flag to validate whether the lock is up to date. #1459pip when creating a new venv. #1463pdm list command with new formats: --csv,--markdown and add options --fields,--sort to control the output contents. Users can also include licenses in the --fields option to display the package licenses. #1469pdm lock --check in pre-commit. #1471--project argument. #1220pypi.[ca,client]_cert[s] config items are passed to distribution builder install steps to allow for custom PyPI index sources with self signed certificates. #1396pdm init. #1410python* command in pdm run. #1414==1.*). #1465importlib-metadata from PyPI for Python < 3.10. #1467pypi.[ca,client]_cert[s] config items are passed to distribution builder install steps to allow for custom PyPI index sources with self signed certificates. #1396pdm init. #1410pdm lock --refresh if some packages has URLs. #1361file:// links the first time they are added. #1325data-requires-python when parsing package links. #1334editables package isn't installed for self package. #1344setup-script, run-setuptools, and is-purelib. #1327pdm run. #1312post_lock for add and update operations, to ensure the pyproject.toml is updated before the hook is run. #1320add or update command. #1287packaging dependency to ensure that packaging.utils.parse_wheel_filename is available. #1293pypi.ca_certs config entry. #1240pdm export to available pre-commit hooks. #1279summary field in pdm.lock contains the description from the package's pyproject.toml. #1274pdm show for a package that is only available as source distribution. #1276pip. #1268pdm module, it will be removed in the future. #1282python executable in the PATH. #1255metadata.files in pdm.lock. #1256[metada.files] table of the lock file. #1259env_file variables no longer override existing environment variables. #1235<this_package_name>[group1, group2] #1241requires-python when creating the default venv. #1237PYTHONPATH. #1211pwsh as an alias of powershell for shell completion. #1216zsh completion regarding --pep582 flag. #12184.0. #1203unearth to fix a bug that install links with weak hashes are skipped. This often happens on self-hosted PyPI servers. #1202pdm venv commands into the main program. Make PEP 582 an opt-in feature. #1162global_project.fallback_verbose defaulting to True. When set to False disables message Project is not found, fallback to the global project #1188--only-keep option to pdm sync to keep only selected packages. Originally requested at #398. #1191unearth to 0.4.1 to skip the wheels with invalid version parts. #1178PDM_RESOLVE_MAX_ROUNDS environment variable (was spelled \u2026ROUDNS before). #1180--no-clean option from pdm sync command. #1191[project] table is not allowed, according to PEP 621. They are however still allowed in the [tool.pdm.dev-dependencies] table. PDM will emit a warning when it finds editable dependencies in the [project] table, or will abort when you try to add them into the [project] table via CLI. #1083setup.py project. #1062rich. #1091-v option. #1096unearth to replace pip's PackageFinder and related data models. PDM no longer relies on pip internals, which are unstable across updates. #1096find_matches() to speed up the resolution. #1098publish to PDM since it is required for so many people and it will make the workflow easier. #1107composite script kind allowing to run multiple defined scripts in a single command as well as reusing scripts but overriding env or env_file. #1117--skip to opt-out some scripts and hooks from any execution (both scripts and PDM commands). #1127pre/post_publish, pre/post_run and pre/post_script hooks as well as an extensive lifecycle and hooks documentation. #1147[tool.pdm.build], according to pdm-pep517 1.0.0. At the same time, warnings will be shown against old usages. #1153pyproject.toml rather than building it. #1156[tool.pdm.build] table. #1157post_use hook triggered after successfully switching Python version. #1163respect-source-order under [tool.pdm.resolution] to respect the source order in the pyproject.toml file. Packages will be returned by source earlier in the order or later ones if not found. #593tomllib on Python 3.11 #1072click, halo, colorama and log_symbols. PDM has no vendors now. #1091pdm-pep517 to 1.0.0. #1153pdm 0.x) is no longer supported. #1157tox.ini file for easier local testing against all Python versions. #1160venv scheme for prefix kind install scheme. #1158skip-add-to-path option to installer in order to prevent changing PATH. Replace bin variable name with bin_dir. #1145[tool.poetry.build] config table. #1131pdm process and not to the process actually being run. #1095version in the cache key of the locked candidates if they are from a URL requirement. #1099requires-python pre-release versions caused pdm update to fail with InvalidPyVersion. #1111setup.cfg or setup.py. #1101pdm update command. #1104venv install scheme when available. This scheme is more stable than posix_prefix scheme since the latter is often patched by distributions. #1106pdm.lock by --lockfile option or PDM_LOCKFILE env var. #1038pyproject.toml when running pdm add --no-editable <package>. #1050get_sysconfig_path.py script. #1056${PROJECT_ROOT} variable in the result of export command. #1079pdm init and create default README for libraries. #1041requirements.txt. #1036pdm use error. #1039optional key when converting from Poetry's dependency entries. #1042--no-editable is passed. pdm add --no-editable will now override the editable mode of the given packages. #1011pdm lock --refresh. #1019${PROJECT_ROOT} in the output of pdm list. #1004installer 0.5.x. #1002license field to \"None\". #991pdm search command. #993~/.local) with global_project.user_site config. #885auto_global to global_project.fallback and deprecate the old name. #986show command. #966_.site_packages is overridden by default option value. #985pdm-pep517 to support PEP 639. #959pythonfinder to findpython as the Python version finder. #930pre_* and post_* scripts for task composition. Pre- and Post- scripts for init, build, install and lock will be run if present. #789--config/-c option to specify another global configuration file. #883[tool.pdm.overrides] table. #909use_venv to python.use_venv; rename config feature.install_cache to install.cache; rename config feature.install_cache_method to install.cache_method; rename config parallel_install to install.parallel. #914[tool.pdm.overrides] table. #861requires-python should be produced if ANY(*) is given. #917pdm.lock gets created when --dry-run is passed to pdm add. #918path. #904ExtrasError to ExtrasWarning for better understanding. Improve the warning message. #892Candidate into a new class PreparedCandidate. Candidate no longer holds an Environment instance. #920pip>=22.0. #875pdm run, it will run the Python REPL. #856direct_url.json for a local pre-built wheel. #861pip<22.0. #874network marker. #858- unexpectedly. #853use command to save the human effort. And introduce an -i option to ignored that remembered value. #846RECORD. #847ModuleNotFoundError during uninstall when the modules required are removed. #850pdm update even if --no-sync is passed. #837feature.install_cache_method config. #822lock --refresh to update the hash stored with the lock file without updating the pinned versions. #642[tool.pdm.overrides] table. #790post_init, pre_lock, post_lock, pre_install and post_install. #798install --check to check if the lock file is up to date. #810allow_prereleases setting. Now non-named requirements are resolved earlier than pinned requirements. #799atoml to tomlkit as the style-preserving TOML parser. The latter has supported TOML v1.0.0. #809minimum, without upper bounds. #787sysconfig to return the PEP 582 scheme in pdm run. #784--pre/--prelease option for pdm add and pdm update. It will allow prereleases to be pinned. #774git+https candidates cannot be resolved. #771version from [project] table to [tool.pdm] table, delete classifiers from dynamic, and warn usage about the deprecated usages. #748x >= VERSION when adding dependencies. #752pdm list --freeze to fix a bug due to Pip's API change. #533requires-python. #744-s/--section option from all previously supported commands. Use -G/--group instead. #756importlib to replace imp in the sitecustomize module for Python 3. #574pdm export. #741-s/--site-packages to pdm run as well as a script config item. When it is set to True, site-packages from the selected interpreter will be loaded into the running environment. #733NO_SITE_PACKAGES isn't set in pdm run if the executable is out of local packages. #733pdm run, but keep them seen when PEP 582 is enabled. #708pip with --isolated when building wheels. In this way some env vars like PIP_REQUIRE_VIRTUALENV can be ignored. #669pip is not DEBUNDLED. #685summary is None, the lockfile can't be generated. #719${PROJECT_ROOT} should be written in the URL when relative path is given. #721pdm import can't merge the settings correctly. #723--no-sync option to update command. #684find_links source type. It can be specified via type key of [[tool.pdm.source]] table. #694--dry-run option to add, install and remove commands. #698project.core.ui.display_columns), fixing unnecessary wrapping due to / with empty lines full of spaces in case of long URLs in the last column. #680check_update is boolean. #689setup_dev.py in favor of pip install. #676requires-python is not recognized in candidates evaluation. #657installer to 0.3.0, fixing a bug that broke installation of some packages with unusual wheel files. #653packaging and typing-extensions to direct dependencies. #674requires-python now participates in the resolution as a dummy requirement. #658--no-isolation option for install, lock, update, remove, sync commands. #640project_max_depth configurable and default to 5. #643pdm-pep517 backend on Python 2.7 when installing self as editable. #640*-nspkg.pth files in install_cache mode. It will still work without them. #623-r/--reinstall option to sync command to force re-install the existing dependencies. #601pdm cache clear can clear cached installations if not needed any more. #604setuptools won't see the dependencies under local packages. #601direct_url.json when installing wheels. #607* fails to be converted as SpecifierSet. #609--json to the list command which outputs the dependency graph as a JSON document. #583feature.install_cache. When it is turned on, wheels will be installed into a centralized package repo and create .pth files under project packages directory to link to the cached package. #589pdm show. #580~/.pyenv/shims/python3 as the pyenv interpreter. #590-s/--section option in favor of -G/--group. #591pdm/installers/installers.py is renamed to pdm/installers/manager.py to be more accurate. The Installer class under that file is renamed to InstallerManager and is exposed in the pdm.core.Core object for overriding. The new pdm/installers/installers.py contains some installation implementations. #589pkg_resources.Distribution to the implementation of importlib.metadata. #592distlib. #519--<field-name> options in pdm show. When no package is given, show this project. #527--freeze option to pdm list command which shows the dependencies list as pip's requirements.txt format. #531PYTHONPATH. #522pdm-pep517 to 0.8.0. #524toml to tomli. #541plugin to manage pdm plugins, including add, remove and list commands. #510resolvelib any more. This makes PDM more stable across updates of sub-dependencies. #515-u/--unconstrained to support unconstraining version specifiers when adding packages. #501No significant changes.
"},{"location":"dev/changelog/#release-v161-2021-05-31","title":"Release v1.6.1 (2021-05-31)","text":"No significant changes.
"},{"location":"dev/changelog/#release-v160-2021-05-31","title":"Release v1.6.0 (2021-05-31)","text":""},{"location":"dev/changelog/#features-improvements_56","title":"Features & Improvements","text":"pdm export no longer produces requirements file applicable for all platforms due to the new approach. #456--no-editable option to install non-editable versions of all packages. #443--no-self option to prevent the project itself from being installed. #444.gitignore file in the __pypackages__ directory. #446PDM_PROJECT_ROOT env var. Change to the project root when executing scripts. #470tomlkit to atoml as the style-preserving TOML parser and writer. #465--dev flag for older versions of PDM. #444--config-setting. #452keyring as a dependency and guide users to install it when it is not available. #442distlib. #447pdm.cli.actions #428pdm use with no argument given, which will list all available pythons for pick. #409setup.py failed for NameError. #407install and sync commands. Add a new option --prod/--production to exclude them. Improve the dependency selection logic to be more convenient to use \u2014 the more common the usage is, the shorter the command is. #391source-includes to mark files to be included only in sdist builds. #390pdm-pep517 to 0.7.0; update resolvelib to0.7.0. #390-d/--dev option in install and sync commands. #391pdm run on a directory not initialized yet.resolvelib to 0.6.0. #381pdm.models.readers to improve typing support #321project.python_executable to project.python that contains all info of the interpreter. #382:all given to -s/--section to refer to all sections under the same species. Adjust add, sync, install, remove and update to support the new dev-dependencies groups. Old behavior will be kept the same. #351dev-dependencies is now a table of dependencies groups, where key is the group name and value is an array of dependencies. These dependencies won't appear in the distribution's metadata. dev-depedencies of the old format will turn into dev group under dev-dependencies. #351dev-dependencies, includes, excludes and package-dir out from [project] table to [tool.pdm] table. The migration will be done automatically if old format is detected. #351--dry-run option for update command to display packages that need update, install or removal. Add --top option to limit to top level packages only. #358init command via -n/--non-interactive option. No question will be asked in this mode. #368pdm info, also add an option --packages to show that value only. #372<script>-X.Y variant to the bin folder. #365-g/--global that was deprecated in 1.4.0. One should use -g -p <project_path> for that purpose. #361pdm init #352pdm-pep517 to 0.6.1. #353type argument to pdm cache clear and improve its UI. #343entry-points. #344models.project_info.ProjectInfo, which indexes distlib.metadata._data #335pdm.plugins to pdm. Export some useful objects and models for shorter import path. #318cmd in tools.pdm.scripts configuration items now allows specifying an argument array instead of a string.stream singleton, improve the UI related code. #320cache command, add list, remove and info subcommands. #329pyproject.toml. #308pdm.iostream to improve 'typing' support #301specifiers.py to a separated module. #303setup.py has no intall_requires key. #299pdm init fails when pyproject.toml exists but has no [project] section. #295-I/--ignore-python passed or PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON=1, ignore the interpreter set in .pdm.toml and don't save to it afterwards. #283-p/--project is introduced to specify another path for the project base. It can also be combined with -g/--global option. The latter is changed to a flag only option that does not accept values. #286-f setuppy for pdm export to export the metadata as setup.py #289src directory can't be uninstalled correctly. #277pdm sync or pdm install is not present in the error message. #274requires-python attribute when fetching the candidates of a package. #264egg-info directory when dependencies change. So that pdm list --graph won't show invalid entries. #240requirements.txt file, build the package to find the name if not given in the URL. #245name and version if not. #253packaging. #130sections value of a pinned candidate to be reused. #234>, >=, <, <= to combine with star versions. #254--save-compatible slightly. Now the version specifier saved is using the REAL compatible operator ~= as described in PEP 440. Before: requests<3.0.0,>=2.19.1, After: requests~=2.19. The new specifier accepts requests==2.19.0 as compatible version. #225${PROJECT_ROOT} in the dependency specification can be expanded to refer to the project root in pyproject.toml. The environment variables will be kept as they are in the lock file. #226PYTHONPATH(with python -I mode) when executing pip commands. #231pip 21.0. #235pyproject.toml.pdm use <path-to-python-root>. #221PYTHONPATH manipulation under Windows platform. #215/search endpoint is not available on given index. #211Poetry, Pipfile, flit) can also be imported as PEP 621 metadata. #175pdm search to query the /search HTTP endpoint. #195classifiers dynamic in pyproject.toml template for autogeneration. #209is_subset() returns incorrect result. #206pdm-pep517 to <0.3.0, this is the last version to support legacy project metadata format.[metadata.files] table. #196pip-shims package as a dependency. #132pdm --pep582 can enable PEP 582 globally by manipulating the WinReg. #191__pypackages__ into PATH env var during pdm run. #193pdm run:-s/--site-packages to include system site-packages when running. #178setuptools is installed before invoking editable install script. #174wheel not wheels for global projects #182sitecustomize.py instead of a .pth file to enable PEP 582. Thanks @Aloxaf. Update get_package_finder() to be compatible with pip 20.3. #185pyproject.toml.[tool.pdm.scripts] section.pdm run --list/-l to show the list of script shortcuts. #168pdm install. #169build-system.requires anymore. #167build to a home-grown version. #162LogWrapper. #164is_subset and is_superset may return wrong result when wildcard excludes overlaps with the upper bound. #165pycomplete. #159sitecustomize.py incorrectly gets injected into the editable console scripts. #158find_matched() is exhausted when accessed twice. #149pdm-pep517 to 0.2.0 that supports reading version from SCM. #146wheel==0.35. #135pdm export fails when the project doesn't have name property. #126pip to 20.1. #125export to export to alternative formats. #117resolvelib 0.4.0. #118resolvelib 0.3.0. #116show command to show package metadata. #114setuptools to be installed in the isolated environment.pdm use. #96python_requires when initializing project. #89wheel package is available before building packages. #90pythonfinder, python-cfonts, pip-shims and many others. Drop dependency vistir. #89pdm build. #81pmd import to import project metadata from Pipfile, poetry, flit, requirements.txt. #79pdm init and pdm install will auto-detect possible files that can be imported.package_dir is mapped. #81pdm init will use the current directory rather than finding the parents when global project is not activated.plugins to entry_pointsclick to argparse, for better extensibility. #73-g/--global to manage global project. The default location is at ~/.pdm/global-project.-p/--project to select project root other than the default one. #30pdm config del to delete an existing config item. #71pdm init. #674.0 as infinite upper bound when checking subsetting. #66ImpossiblePySpec's hash clashes with normal one.pdm config to inspect configurations. #26pdm cache clear to clean caches. #63--python option in pdm init. #49python_requires when initializing and defaults to >={current_version}. #50setup.py.pdm --help. #42python-cfonts to display banner. #42_editable_intall.py compatible with Py2.pdm list --graph to show a dependency graph of the working set. #10pdm update --unconstrained to ignore the version constraint of given packages. #13pdm install. #33pdm info to show project environment information. #9pip to 20.0, update pip_shims to 0.5.0. #28setup_dev.py for the convenience to setup pdm for development. #29pdm init to bootstrap a project.pdm build command.pdm init to bootstrap a project.First off, thanks for taking the time to contribute! Contributions include but are not restricted to:
The following is a set of guidelines for contributing.
"},{"location":"dev/contributing/#a-recommended-flow-of-contributing-to-an-open-source-project","title":"A recommended flow of contributing to an Open Source project","text":"This section is for beginners to OSS. If you are an experienced OSS developer, you can skip this section.
git clone https://github.com/pdm-project/pdm.git\n# Or if you prefer SSH clone:\ngit clone git@github.com:pdm-project/pdm.git\ngit remote add fork https://github.com/yourname/pdm.git\ngit fetch fork\nfork is the remote name of the fork repository.ProTips:
To update main branch to date:
git pull origin main\n# In rare cases that your local main branch diverges from the remote main:\ngit fetch origin && git reset --hard main\nWe recommend working in a virtual environment. Feel free to create a virtual environment with either the venv module or the virtualenv tool. For example:
python -m venv .venv\n. .venv/bin/activate # linux\n.venv/Scripts/activate # windows\nMake sure your pip is newer than 21.3 to install PDM in develop/editable mode.
python -m pip install -U \"pip>=21.3\"\npython -m pip install -e .\nMake sure PDM uses the virtual environment you just created:
pdm config -l python.use_venv true\npdm config -l venv.in_project true\nInstall PDM development dependencies:
pdm install\nNow, all dependencies are installed into the Python environment you chose, which will be used for development after this point.
"},{"location":"dev/contributing/#run-tests","title":"Run tests","text":"pdm run test\nThe test suite is still simple and needs expansion! Please help write more test cases.
Note
You can also run your test suite against all supported Python version using tox with the tox-pdm plugin. You can either run it by yourself with:
tox\nor from pdm with:
pdm run tox\nPDM uses pre-commit for linting. Install pre-commit first, for example with pip or pipx:
python -m pip install pre-commit\npipx install pre-commit\nThen initialize pre-commit:
pre-commit install\nYou can now lint the code with:
pdm run lint\nPDM uses black for code style and isort for sorting import statements. If you are not following them, the CI will fail and your Pull Request will not be merged.
When you make changes such as fixing a bug or adding a feature, you must add a news fragment describing your change. News fragments are placed in the news/ directory, and should be named according to this pattern: <issue_num>.<issue_type>.md (e.g., 566.bugfix.md).
feature: Features and improvementsbugfix: Bug fixesrefactor: Code restructuresdoc: Added or improved documentationdep: Changes to dependenciesremoval: Removals or deprecations in the APImisc: Miscellaneous changes that don't fit any of the other categoriesThe contents of the file should be a single sentence in the imperative mood that describes your changes. (e.g., Deduplicate the plugins list. ) See entries in the Change Log for more examples.
If you make some changes to the docs/ and you want to preview the build result, simply do:
pdm run doc\nOnce all changes are done and ready to release, you can preview the changelog contents by running:
pdm run release --dry-run\nMake sure the next version and the changelog are as expected in the output.
Then cut a release on the main branch:
pdm run release\nGitHub action will create the release and upload the distributions to PyPI.
Read more options about version bumping by pdm run release --help.
Some reusable fixtures for pytest.
New in version 2.4.0
To enable them in your test, add pdm.pytest as a plugin. You can do so in your root conftest.py:
# single plugin\npytest_plugins = \"pytest.plugin\"\n\n# many plugins\npytest_plugins = [\n ...\n \"pdm.pytest\",\n ...\n]\nIndexMap = Dict[str, Path] module-attribute","text":"Path some root-relative http paths to some local paths
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.IndexOverrides","title":"IndexOverrides = Dict[str, str] module-attribute","text":"PyPI indexes overrides fixture format
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.IndexesDefinition","title":"IndexesDefinition = Dict[str, Union[Tuple[IndexMap, IndexOverrides, bool], IndexMap]] module-attribute","text":"Mock PyPI indexes format
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.Distribution","title":"Distribution","text":"A mock Distribution
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.LocalFileAdapter","title":"LocalFileAdapter","text":" Bases: requests.adapters.BaseAdapter
A local file adapter for request.
Allows to mock some HTTP requests with some local files
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.MockWorkingSet","title":"MockWorkingSet","text":" Bases: collections.abc.MutableMapping
A mock working set
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.PDMCallable","title":"PDMCallable","text":" Bases: Protocol
The PDM fixture callable signature
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.PDMCallable.__call__","title":"__call__(args, strict=False, input=None, obj=None, env=None, **kwargs)","text":"Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultargs str | list[str] the command arguments as a single lexable string or a strings array
requiredstrict bool raise an exception on failure instead of returning if enabled
False input str | None an optional string to be submitted too stdin
None obj Project | None an optional existing Project.
None env Mapping[str, str] | None override the environment variables with those
None Returns:
Type DescriptionRunResult The command result
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.RunResult","title":"RunResult dataclass","text":"Store a command execution result.
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.RunResult.exception","title":"exception: Exception | None = None instance-attribute class-attribute","text":"If set, the exception raised on execution
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.RunResult.exit_code","title":"exit_code: int instance-attribute","text":"The execution exit code
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.RunResult.output","title":"output: str property","text":"The execution stdout output (stdout alias)
outputs: str property","text":"The execution stdout and stderr outputs concatenated
stderr: str instance-attribute","text":"The execution stderr output
stdout: str instance-attribute","text":"The execution stdout output
print()","text":"A debugging facility
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.TestRepository","title":"TestRepository","text":" Bases: BaseRepository
A mock repository to ease testing dependencies
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.build_env","title":"build_env(build_env_wheels, tmp_path_factory)","text":"A fixture build environment
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultbuild_env_wheels Iterable[Path] a list of wheel to install in the environment
requiredReturns:
Type DescriptionPath The build environment temporary path
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.build_env_wheels","title":"build_env_wheels()","text":"Expose some wheels to be installed in the build environment.
Override to provide your owns.
Returns:
Type DescriptionIterable[Path] a list of wheels paths to install
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.local_finder_artifacts","title":"local_finder_artifacts()","text":"The local finder search path as a fixture
Override to provides your own artifacts.
Returns:
Type DescriptionPath The path to the artifacts root
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.pdm","title":"pdm(core, monkeypatch)","text":"A fixture allowing to execute PDM commands
Returns:
Type DescriptionPDMCallable A pdm fixture command.
project(project_no_init)","text":"A fixture creating an initialized test project for the current test.
Returns:
Type DescriptionProject The initialized project
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.project_no_init","title":"project_no_init(tmp_path, mocker, core, pdm_session, monkeypatch, build_env)","text":"A fixture creating a non-initialized test project for the current test.
Returns:
Type DescriptionProject The non-initialized project
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.pypi_indexes","title":"pypi_indexes()","text":"Provides some mocked PyPI entries
Returns:
Type DescriptionIndexesDefinition a definition of the mocked indexes
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.remove_pep582_path_from_pythonpath","title":"remove_pep582_path_from_pythonpath(pythonpath)","text":"Remove all pep582 paths of PDM from PYTHONPATH
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.repository","title":"repository(project, mocker, repository_pypi_json, local_finder)","text":"A fixture providing a mock PyPI repository
Returns:
Type DescriptionTestRepository A mock repository
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.repository_pypi_json","title":"repository_pypi_json()","text":"The test repository fake PyPI definition path as a fixture
Override to provides your own definition path.
Returns:
Type DescriptionPath The path to a fake PyPI repository JSON definition
"},{"location":"dev/fixtures/#pdm.pytest.venv_backends","title":"venv_backends(project, request)","text":"A fixture iterating over venv backends
working_set(mocker, repository)","text":"a mock working set as a fixture
Returns:
Type DescriptionMockWorkingSet a mock working set
"},{"location":"dev/write/","title":"PDM Plugins","text":"PDM is aiming at being a community driven package manager. It is shipped with a full-featured plug-in system, with which you can:
The core PDM project focuses on dependency management and package publishing. Other functionalities you wish to integrate with PDM are preferred to lie in their own plugins and released as standalone PyPI projects. In case the plugin is considered a good supplement of the core project it may have a chance to be absorbed into PDM.
"},{"location":"dev/write/#write-your-own-plugin","title":"Write your own plugin","text":"In the following sections, I will show an example of adding a new command hello which reads the hello.name config.
The PDM's CLI module is designed in a way that user can easily \"inherit and modify\". To write a new command:
from pdm.cli.commands.base import BaseCommand\n\nclass HelloCommand(BaseCommand):\n\"\"\"Say hello to the specified person.\n If none is given, will read from \"hello.name\" config.\n \"\"\"\n\n def add_arguments(self, parser):\n parser.add_argument(\"-n\", \"--name\", help=\"the person's name to whom you greet\")\n\n def handle(self, project, options):\n if not options.name:\n name = project.config[\"hello.name\"]\n else:\n name = options.name\n print(f\"Hello, {name}\")\nFirst, let's create a new HelloCommand class inheriting from pdm.cli.commands.base.BaseCommand. It has two major functions:
add_arguments() to manipulate the argument parser passed as the only argument, where you can add additional command line arguments to ithandle() to do something when the subcommand is matched, you can do nothing by writing a single pass statement. It accepts two arguments: an pdm.project.Project object as the first one and the parsed argparse.Namespace object as the second.The document string will serve as the command help text, which will be shown in pdm --help.
Besides, PDM's subcommand has two default options: -v/--verbose to change the verbosity level and -g/--global to enable global project. If you don't want these default options, override the arguments class attribute to a list of pdm.cli.options.Option objects, or assign it to an empty list to have no default options:
class HelloCommand(BaseCommand):\n\narguments = []\nNote
The default options are loaded first, then add_arguments() is called.
Write a function somewhere in your plugin project. There is no limit on what the name of the function is, but the function should take only one argument -- the PDM core object:
def hello_plugin(core):\ncore.register_command(HelloCommand, \"hello\")\nCall core.register_command() to register the command. The second argument as the name of the subcommand is optional. PDM will look for the HelloCommand's name attribute if the name is not passed.
Let's recall the first code snippet, hello.name config key is consulted for the name if not passed via the command line.
class HelloCommand(BaseCommand):\n\"\"\"Say hello to the specified person.\n If none is given, will read from \"hello.name\" config.\n \"\"\"\n\n def add_arguments(self, parser):\n parser.add_argument(\"-n\", \"--name\", help=\"the person's name to whom you greet\")\n\n def handle(self, project, options):\n if not options.name:\nname = project.config[\"hello.name\"]\nelse:\n name = options.name\n print(f\"Hello, {name}\")\nTill now, if you query the config value by pdm config get hello.name, an error will pop up saying it is not a valid config key. You need to register the config item, too:
from pdm.project.config import ConfigItem\n\ndef hello_plugin(core):\n core.register_command(HelloCommand, \"hello\")\ncore.add_config(\"hello.name\", ConfigItem(\"The person's name\", \"John\"))\nwhere ConfigItem class takes 4 parameters, in the following order:
description: a description of the config itemdefault: default value of the config itemglobal_only: whether the config is allowed to set in home config onlyenv_var: the name of environment variable which will be read as the config valueBesides of commands and configurations, the core object exposes some other methods and attributes to override. PDM also provides some signals you can listen to. Please read the API reference for more details.
When developing a plugin, one hopes to activate and plugin in development and get updated when the code changes.
You can achieve this by installing the plugin in editable mode. To do this, specify the dependencies in tool.pdm.plugins array:
[tool.pdm]\nplugins = [\n\"-e file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}\"\n]\nThen install it with:
pdm install --plugins\nAfter that, all the dependencies are available in a project plugin library, including the plugin itself, in editable mode. That means any change to the codebase will take effect immediately without re-installation. The pdm executable also uses a Python interpreter under the hood, so if you run pdm from inside the plugin project, the plugin in development will be activated automatically, and you can do some testing to see how it works.
PDM exposes some pytest fixtures as a plugin in the pdm.pytest module. To benefit from them, you must add pdm[pytest] as a test dependency.
To enable them in your test, add pdm.pytest as a plugin. You can do so by in your root conftest.py:
# single plugin\npytest_plugins = \"pytest.plugin\"\n\n# many plugins\npytest_plugins = [\n ...\n \"pdm.pytest\",\n ...\n]\nYou can see some usage examples into PDM own tests, especially the conftest.py file for configuration.
See the pytest fixtures documentation for more details.
"},{"location":"dev/write/#publish-your-plugin","title":"Publish your plugin","text":"Now you have defined your plugin already, let's distribute it to PyPI. PDM's plugins are discovered by entry point types. Create an pdm entry point and point to your plugin callable (yeah, it doesn't need to be a function, any callable object can work):
PEP 621:
# pyproject.toml\n\n[project.entry-points.pdm]\nhello = \"my_plugin:hello_plugin\"\nsetuptools:
# setup.py\n\nsetup(\n ...\n entry_points={\"pdm\": [\"hello = my_plugin:hello_plugin\"]}\n ...\n)\nAs plugins are loaded via entry points, they can be activated with no more steps than just installing the plugin. For convenience, PDM provides a plugin command group to manage plugins.
Assume your plugin is published as pdm-hello:
pdm self add pdm-hello\nNow type pdm --help in the terminal, you will see the new added hello command and use it:
$ pdm hello Jack\nHello, Jack\nSee more plugin management subcommands by typing pdm self --help in the terminal.
To specify the required plugins for a project, you can use the tool.pdm.plugins config in the pyproject.toml file. These dependencies can be installed into a project plugin library by running pdm install --plugins. The project plugin library will be loaded in subsequent PDM commands.
This is useful when you want to share the same plugin set with the contributors.
# pyproject.toml\n[tool.pdm]\nplugins = [\n\"pdm-packer\"\n]\nRun pdm install --plugins to install and activate the plugins.
Alternatively, you can have project-local plugins that are not published to PyPI, by using editable local dependencies:
# pyproject.toml\n[tool.pdm]\nplugins = [\n\"-e file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/plugins/my_plugin\"\n]\npdm.core.Core","text":"A high level object that manages all classes and configurations
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.core.Core.add_config","title":"add_config(name, config_item) staticmethod","text":"Add a config item to the configuration class.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultname str The name of the config item
requiredconfig_item pdm.project.config.ConfigItem The config item to add
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.core.Core.create_project","title":"create_project(root_path=None, is_global=False, global_config=None)","text":"Create a new project object
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultroot_path PathLike The path to the project root directory
None is_global bool Whether the project is a global project
False global_config str The path to the global config file
None Returns:
Type DescriptionProject The project object
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.core.Core.handle","title":"handle(project, options)","text":"Called before command invocation
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.core.Core.load_plugins","title":"load_plugins()","text":"Import and load plugins under pdm.plugin namespace A plugin is a callable that accepts the core object as the only argument.
def my_plugin(core: pdm.core.Core) -> None:\n ...\nmain(args=None, prog_name=None, obj=None, **extra)","text":"The main entry function
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.core.Core.register_command","title":"register_command(command, name=None)","text":"Register a subcommand to the subparsers, with an optional name of the subcommand.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultcommand Type[pdm.cli.commands.base.BaseCommand] The command class to register
requiredname str The name of the subcommand, if not given, command.name is used
None"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.core.Project","title":"pdm.core.Project","text":"Core project class.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultcore Core The core instance.
requiredroot_path str | Path | None The root path of the project.
requiredis_global bool Whether the project is global.
False global_config str | Path | None The path to the global config file.
None"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.default_source","title":"default_source: RepositoryConfig property","text":"Get the default source from the pypi setting
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.config","title":"config()","text":"A read-only dict configuration
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.find_interpreters","title":"find_interpreters(python_spec=None)","text":"Return an iterable of interpreter paths that matches the given specifier,
which can beget_provider(strategy='all', tracked_names=None, for_install=False, ignore_compatibility=True, direct_minimal_versions=False)","text":"Build a provider class for resolver.
:param strategy: the resolve strategy :param tracked_names: the names of packages that needs to update :param for_install: if the provider is for install :param ignore_compatibility: if the provider should ignore the compatibility when evaluating candidates :param direct_minimal_versions: if the provider should prefer minimal versions instead of latest :returns: The provider object
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.get_reporter","title":"get_reporter(requirements, tracked_names=None, spinner=None)","text":"Return the reporter object to construct a resolver.
:param requirements: requirements to resolve :param tracked_names: the names of packages that needs to update :param spinner: optional spinner object :returns: a reporter
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.get_repository","title":"get_repository(cls=None, ignore_compatibility=True)","text":"Get the repository object
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.project_config","title":"project_config()","text":"Read-and-writable configuration dict for project settings
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.resolve_interpreter","title":"resolve_interpreter()","text":"Get the Python interpreter path.
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.use_pyproject_dependencies","title":"use_pyproject_dependencies(group, dev=False)","text":"Get the dependencies array and setter in the pyproject.toml Return a tuple of two elements, the first is the dependencies array, and the second value is a callable to set the dependencies array back.
"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.project.core.Project.write_lockfile","title":"write_lockfile(toml_data, show_message=True, write=True, **_kwds)","text":"Write the lock file to disk.
"},{"location":"reference/api/#signals","title":"Signals","text":"New in version 1.12.0
The signal definition for PDM.
Examplefrom pdm.signals import post_init, post_install\n\ndef on_post_init(project):\n project.core.ui.echo(\"Project initialized\")\n# Connect to the signal\npost_init.connect(on_post_init)\n# Or use as a decorator\n@post_install.connect\ndef on_post_install(project, candidates, dry_run):\n project.core.ui.echo(\"Project install succeeded\")\npost_build: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_build') module-attribute","text":"Called after a project is built.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredartifacts Sequence[str] The locations of built artifacts
requiredconfig_settings dict[str, str] | None Additional config settings passed via args
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.post_init","title":"post_init: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_init') module-attribute","text":"Called after a project is initialized.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.post_install","title":"post_install: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_install') module-attribute","text":"Called after a project is installed.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredcandidates dict[str, Candidate] The candidates installed
requireddry_run bool If true, won't perform any actions
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.post_lock","title":"post_lock: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_lock') module-attribute","text":"Called after a project is locked.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredresolution dict[str, Candidate] The resolved candidates
requireddry_run bool If true, won't perform any actions
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.post_publish","title":"post_publish: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_publish') module-attribute","text":"Called after a project is published.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.post_run","title":"post_run: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_run') module-attribute","text":"Called after any run.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredscript str the script name
requiredargs Sequence[str] the command line provided arguments
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.post_script","title":"post_script: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_script') module-attribute","text":"Called after any script.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredscript str the script name
requiredargs Sequence[str] the command line provided arguments
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.post_use","title":"post_use: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('post_use') module-attribute","text":"Called after use switched to a new Python version.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredpython PythonInfo Information about the new Python interpreter
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.pre_build","title":"pre_build: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_build') module-attribute","text":"Called before a project is built.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requireddest str The destination location
requiredconfig_settings dict[str, str] | None Additional config settings passed via args
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.pre_install","title":"pre_install: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_install') module-attribute","text":"Called before a project is installed.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredcandidates dict[str, Candidate] The candidates to install
requireddry_run bool If true, won't perform any actions
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.pre_invoke","title":"pre_invoke: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_invoke') module-attribute","text":"Called before any command is invoked.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredcommand str | None the command name
requiredoptions Namespace the parsed arguments
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.pre_lock","title":"pre_lock: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_lock') module-attribute","text":"Called before a project is locked.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredrequirements list[Requirement] The requirements to lock
requireddry_run bool If true, won't perform any actions
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.pre_publish","title":"pre_publish: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_publish') module-attribute","text":"Called before a project is published.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.pre_run","title":"pre_run: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_run') module-attribute","text":"Called before any run.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredscript str the script name
requiredargs Sequence[str] the command line provided arguments
required"},{"location":"reference/api/#pdm.signals.pre_script","title":"pre_script: NamedSignal = pdm_signals.signal('pre_script') module-attribute","text":"Called before any script.
Parameters:
Name Type Description Defaultproject Project The project object
requiredscript str the script name
requiredargs Sequence[str] the command line provided arguments
required"},{"location":"reference/build/","title":"Build Configuration","text":"pdm uses the PEP 517 to build the package. It acts as a build frontend that calls the build backend to build the package.
A build backend is what drives the build system to build source distributions and wheels from arbitrary source trees.
If you run pdm init, PDM will let you choose the build backend to use. Unlike other package managers, PDM does not force you to use a specific build backend. You can choose the one you like. Here is a list of build backends and corresponding configurations initially supported by PDM:
pyproject.toml configuration:
[build-system]\nrequires = [\"pdm-backend\"]\nbuild-backend = \"pdm.backend\"\nRead the docs
pyproject.toml configuration:
[build-system]\nrequires = [\"setuptools\", \"wheel\"]\nbuild-backend = \"setuptools.build_meta\"\nRead the docs
pyproject.toml configuration:
[build-system]\nrequires = [\"flit_core >=3.2,<4\"]\nbuild-backend = \"flit_core.buildapi\"\nRead the docs
pyproject.toml configuration:
[build-system]\nrequires = [\"hatchling\"]\nbuild-backend = \"hatchling.build\"\nRead the docs
Apart from the above mentioned backends, you can also use any other backend that supports PEP 621, however, poetry-core is not supported because it does not support reading PEP 621 metadata.
Info
If you are using a custom build backend that is not in the above list, PDM will handle the relative paths as PDM-style(${PROJECT_ROOT} variable).
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-V, --version: Show the version and exit-c, --config: Specify another config file path [env var: PDM_CONFIG_FILE] -v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-I, --ignore-python: Ignore the Python path saved in.pdm-python. [env var: PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON]--pep582 SHELL: Print the command line to be eval'd by the shellCommands:
"},{"location":"reference/cli/#add","title":"add","text":"Add package(s) to pyproject.toml and install them
Package Arguments:
-e, --editable: Specify editable packagespackages: Specify packagesOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]--save-compatible: Save compatible version specifiers--save-wildcard: Save wildcard version specifiers--save-exact: Save exact version specifiers--save-minimum: Save minimum version specifiers--update-reuse: Reuse pinned versions already present in lock file if possible--update-eager: Try to update the packages and their dependencies recursively--update-all: Update all dependencies and sub-dependencies--pre, --prerelease: Allow prereleases to be pinned-u, --unconstrained: Ignore the version constraint of packages--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.-d, --dev: Add packages into dev dependencies-G, --group: Specify the target dependency group to add into--no-sync: Only writepyproject.toml and do not sync the working set (default: True)Install Options:
--no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Build artifacts for distribution
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--no-sdist: Don't build source tarballs (default: True)--no-wheel: Don't build wheels (default: True)-d, --dest: Target directory to put artifacts (default: dist)--no-clean: Do not clean the target directory (default: True)--config-setting, -C: Pass options to the backend. options with a value must be specified after \"=\": --config-setting=--opt(=value) or -C--opt(=value)Control the caches of PDM
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputCommands:
"},{"location":"reference/cli/#clear","title":"clear","text":"Clean all the files under cache directory
Positional Arguments:
type: Clear the given type of cachesOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputRemove files matching the given pattern
Positional Arguments:
pattern: The pattern to removeOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputList the built wheels stored in the cache
Positional Arguments:
pattern: The pattern to list (default: *)Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputShow the info and current size of caches
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputGenerate completion scripts for the given shell
Positional Arguments:
shell: The shell to generate the scripts for. If not given, PDM will properly guess from SHELL env var.Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.Display the current configuration
Positional Arguments:
key: Config keyvalue: Config valueOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-l, --local: Set config in the project's local configuration file-d, --delete: Unset a configuration key-e, --edit: Edit the configuration file in the default editor(defined by EDITOR env var)Export the locked packages set to other formats
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]-f, --format: Specify the export file format (default: requirements)--without-hashes: Don't include artifact hashes (default: True)-o, --output: Write output to the given file, or print to stdout if not given--pyproject: Read the list of packages frompyproject.toml--expandvars: Expand environment variables in requirementsDependencies Selection:
-G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)Fix the project problems according to the latest version of PDM
Positional Arguments:
problem: Fix the specific problem, or all if not givenOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Only show the problemsImport project metadata from other formats
Positional Arguments:
filename: The file nameOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-d, --dev: import packages into dev dependencies-G, --group: Specify the target dependency group to import into-f, --format: Specify the file format explicitlyShow the project information
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--python: Show the interpreter path--where: Show the project root path--packages: Show the local packages root--env: Show PEP 508 environment markers--json: Dump the information in JSONInitialize a pyproject.toml for PDM
Positional Arguments:
template: Specify the project template, which can be a local path or a Git URLgenerator_args: Arguments passed to the generatorOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--copier: Use Copier to generate project [not installed] (default: builtin)--cookiecutter: Use Cookiecutter to generate project [not installed] (default: builtin)-r, --overwrite: Overwrite existing filesBuiltin Generator Options:
-n, --non-interactive: Don't ask questions but use default values--python: Specify the Python version/path to use--backend: Specify the build backend--lib: Create a library projectInstall dependencies from lock file
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--check: Check if the lock file is up to date and fail otherwise--plugins: Install the plugins specified inpyproject.tomlInstall Options:
--no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Dependencies Selection:
-G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)List packages installed in the current working set
Positional Arguments:
patterns: Filter packages by patterns. e.g. pdm list requests- flask-. In --tree mode, only show the subtree of the matched packages.Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--freeze: Show the installed dependencies in pip's requirements.txt format--tree, --graph: Display a tree of dependencies-r, --reverse: Reverse the dependency tree--resolve: Resolve all requirements to output licenses (instead of just showing those currently installed)--fields: Select information to output as a comma separated string. All fields: groups,homepage,licenses,location,name,version. (default: name,version,location)--sort: Sort the output using a given field name. If nothing is set, no sort is applied. Multiple fields can be combined with ','.--csv: Output dependencies in CSV document format--json: Output dependencies in JSON document format--markdown: Output dependencies and legal notices in markdown document format - best effort basis--include: Dependency groups to include in the output. By default all are included--exclude: Exclude dependency groups from the outputResolve and lock dependencies
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--refresh: Don't update pinned versions, only refresh the lock file--check: Check if the lock file is up to date and quitLock Strategy:
--strategy, -S STRATEGY: Specify lock strategy (cross_platform, static_urls, direct_minimal_versions). Add 'no_' prefix to disable. Can be supplied multiple times or split by comma.--no-cross-platform: [DEPRECATED] Only lock packages for the current platform--static-urls: [DEPRECATED] Store static file URLs in the lockfile--no-static-urls: [DEPRECATED] Do not store static file URLs in the lockfileDependencies Selection:
-G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)Build and publish the project to PyPI
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.-r, --repository: The repository name or url to publish the package to [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_REPO]-u, --username: The username to access the repository [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_USERNAME]-P, --password: The password to access the repository [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_PASSWORD]-S, --sign: Upload the package with PGP signature-i, --identity: GPG identity used to sign files.-c, --comment: The comment to include with the distribution file.--no-build: Don't build the package before publishing (default: True)--no-very-ssl: Disable SSL verification--ca-certs: The path to a PEM-encoded Certificate Authority bundle to use for publish server validation [env var: PDM_PUBLISH_CA_CERTS]Remove packages from pyproject.toml
Positional Arguments:
packages: Specify the packages to removeOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-d, --dev: Remove packages from dev dependencies-G, --group: Specify the target dependency group to remove from--no-sync: Only writepyproject.toml and do not uninstall packages (default: True)Install Options:
--no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Run commands or scripts with local packages loaded
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-l, --list: Show all available scripts defined inpyproject.toml-j, --json: Output all scripts infos in JSONExecution Parameters:
-s, --site-packages: Load site-packages from the selected interpreterscript: The command to runargs: Arguments that will be passed to the commandSearch for PyPI packages
Positional Arguments:
query: Query string to searchOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputManage the PDM program itself (previously known as plugin)
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputCommands:
"},{"location":"reference/cli/#list_2","title":"list","text":"List all packages installed with PDM
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--plugins: List plugins onlyInstall packages to the PDM's environment
Positional Arguments:
packages: Specify one or many package names, each package can have a version specifierOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip installRemove packages from PDM's environment
Positional Arguments:
packages: Specify one or many package namesOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip uninstall-y, --yes: Answer yes on the questionUpdate PDM itself
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--head: Update to the latest commit on the main branch--pre: Update to the latest prerelease version--pip-args: Additional arguments that will be passed to pip installManage the PDM program itself (previously known as plugin)
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputCommands:
"},{"location":"reference/cli/#list_3","title":"list","text":"List all packages installed with PDM
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--plugins: List plugins onlyInstall packages to the PDM's environment
Positional Arguments:
packages: Specify one or many package names, each package can have a version specifierOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip installRemove packages from PDM's environment
Positional Arguments:
packages: Specify one or many package namesOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--pip-args: Arguments that will be passed to pip uninstall-y, --yes: Answer yes on the questionUpdate PDM itself
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output--head: Update to the latest commit on the main branch--pre: Update to the latest prerelease version--pip-args: Additional arguments that will be passed to pip installShow the package information
Positional Arguments:
package: Specify the package name, or show this package if not givenOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]--name: Show name--version: Show version--summary: Show summary--license: Show license--platform: Show platform--keywords: Show keywordsSynchronize the current working set with lock file
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--dry-run: Show the difference only and don't perform any action-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--clean: Clean packages not in the lockfile--only-keep: Only keep the selected packages--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-r, --reinstall: Force reinstall existing dependenciesInstall Options:
--no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Dependencies Selection:
-G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependencies (default: True)Update package(s) in pyproject.toml
Positional Arguments:
packages: If packages are given, only update themOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-L, --lockfile: Specify another lockfile path. Default:pdm.lock. [env var: PDM_LOCKFILE]--no-lock: Don't try to create or update the lockfile. [env var: PDM_NO_LOCK]--save-compatible: Save compatible version specifiers--save-wildcard: Save wildcard version specifiers--save-exact: Save exact version specifiers--save-minimum: Save minimum version specifiers--update-reuse: Reuse pinned versions already present in lock file if possible--update-eager: Try to update the packages and their dependencies recursively--update-all: Update all dependencies and sub-dependencies--pre, --prerelease: Allow prereleases to be pinned-u, --unconstrained: Ignore the version constraint of packages-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.--venv NAME: Run the command in the virtual environment with the given key. [env var: PDM_IN_VENV]-t, --top: Only update those listed inpyproject.toml--dry-run, --outdated: Show the difference only without modifying the lockfile content--no-sync: Only update lock file but do not sync packages (default: True)Install Options:
--no-editable: Install non-editable versions for all packages--no-self: Don't install the project itself. [env var: PDM_NO_SELF]--fail-fast, -x: Abort on first installation error--no-isolation: Disable isolation when building a source distribution that follows PEP 517, as in: build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed if this option is used.Dependencies Selection:
-G, --group GROUP: Select group of optional-dependencies separated by comma or dev-dependencies (with -d). Can be supplied multiple times, use:all to include all groups under the same species.--no-default: Don't include dependencies from the default group (default: True)-d, --dev: Select dev dependencies--prod, --production: Unselect dev dependenciesUse the given python version or path as base interpreter
Positional Arguments:
python: Specify the Python version or pathOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-g, --global: Use the global project, supply the project root with -p option-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]-k, --skip: Skip some tasks and/or hooks by their comma-separated names. Can be supplied multiple times. Use:all to skip all hooks. Use:pre and:post to skip all pre or post hooks.-f, --first: Select the first matched interpreter-i, --ignore-remembered: Ignore the remembered selection--venv: Use the interpreter in the virtual environment with the given nameVirtualenv management
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-p, --project: Specify another path as the project root, which changes the base ofpyproject.toml and __pypackages__ [env var: PDM_PROJECT]--path: Show the path to the given virtualenv--python: Show the python interpreter path for the given virtualenvCommands:
"},{"location":"reference/cli/#create","title":"create","text":"Create a virtualenv
Positional Arguments:
python: Specify which python should be used to create the virtualenvvenv_args: Additional arguments that will be passed to the backendOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-w, --with: Specify the backend to create the virtualenv-f, --force: Recreate if the virtualenv already exists-n, --name: Specify the name of the virtualenv--with-pip: Install pip with the virtualenvList all virtualenvs associated with this project
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputRemove the virtualenv with the given name
Positional Arguments:
env: The key of the virtualenvOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-y, --yes: Answer yes on the following questionPrint the command to activate the virtualenv with the given name
Positional Arguments:
env: The key of the virtualenvOptions:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress outputPurge selected/all created Virtualenvs
Options:
-h, --help: Show this help message and exit.-v, --verbose: Use -v for detailed output and -vv for more detailed-q, --quiet: Suppress output-f, --force: Force purging without prompting for confirmation-i, --interactive: Interactively purge selected VirtualenvsThe default theme used by PDM is as follows:
Key Default Styleprimary cyan success green warning yellow error red info blue req bold green You can change the theme colors with pdm config command. For example, to change the primary color to magenta:
pdm config theme.primary magenta\nOr use a hex color code:
pdm config theme.success '#51c7bd'\nThe following configuration items can be retrieved and modified by pdm config command.
build_isolation Isolate the build environment from the project environment Yes Yes PDM_BUILD_ISOLATION cache_dir The root directory of cached files The default cache location on OS No check_update Check if there is any newer version available True No PDM_CHECK_UPDATE global_project.fallback Use the global project implicitly if no local project is found False No global_project.fallback_verbose If True show message when global project is used implicitly True No global_project.path The path to the global project <default config location on OS>/global-project No global_project.user_site Whether to install to user site False No install.cache Enable caching of wheel installations False Yes install.cache_method Specify how to create links to the caches(symlink or pth) symlink Yes install.parallel Whether to perform installation and uninstallation in parallel True Yes PDM_PARALLEL_INSTALL python.use_pyenv Use the pyenv interpreter True Yes python.use_venv Use virtual environments when available True Yes PDM_USE_VENV python.providers List of python provider names for findpython All providers supported by findpython Yes pypi.url The URL of PyPI mirror https://pypi.org/simple Yes PDM_PYPI_URL pypi.username The username to access PyPI Yes PDM_PYPI_USERNAME pypi.password The password to access PyPI Yes PDM_PYPI_PASSWORD pypi.ignore_stored_index Ignore the configured indexes False Yes PDM_IGNORE_STORED_INDEX pypi.ca_certs Path to a PEM-encoded CA cert bundle (used for server cert verification) The CA certificates from certifi Yes pypi.client_cert Path to a PEM-encoded client cert and optional key No pypi.client_key Path to a PEM-encoded client cert private key, if not in pypi.client_cert No pypi.verify_ssl Verify SSL certificate when query PyPI True Yes pypi.json_api Consult PyPI's JSON API for package metadata False Yes PDM_PYPI_JSON_API pypi.<name>.url The URL of custom package source https://pypi.org/simple Yes pypi.<name>.username The username to access custom source Yes pypi.<name>.password The password to access custom source Yes pypi.<name>.type index or find_links index Yes pypi.<name>.verify_ssl Verify SSL certificate when query custom source True Yes strategy.save Specify how to save versions when a package is added minimum(can be: exact, wildcard, minimum, compatible) Yes strategy.update The default strategy for updating packages reuse(can be : eager) Yes strategy.resolve_max_rounds Specify the max rounds of resolution process 10000 Yes PDM_RESOLVE_MAX_ROUNDS venv.location Parent directory for virtualenvs <default data location on OS>/venvs No venv.backend Default backend to create virtualenv virtualenv Yes PDM_VENV_BACKEND venv.prompt Formatted string to be displayed in the prompt when virtualenv is active {project_name}-{python_version} Yes PDM_VENV_PROMPT venv.in_project Create virtualenv in .venv under project root True Yes PDM_VENV_IN_PROJECT venv.with_pip Install pip when creating a new venv False Yes PDM_VENV_WITH_PIP repository.<name>.url The URL of custom package source https://pypi.org/simple Yes repository.<name>.username The username to access custom repository Yes repository.<name>.password The password to access custom repository Yes repository.<name>.ca_certs Path to a PEM-encoded CA cert bundle (used for server cert verification) The CA certificates from certifi Yes repository.<name>.verify_ssl Verify SSL certificate when uploading to repository True Yes If the corresponding env var is set, the value will take precedence over what is saved in the config file.
"},{"location":"reference/pep621/","title":"PEP 621 Metadata","text":"The project metadata are stored in the pyproject.toml. The specifications are defined by PEP 621, PEP 631 and PEP 639. Read the detailed specifications in the PEPs.
In the following part of this document, metadata should be written under [project] table if not given explicitly.
You can split a long description onto multiple lines, thanks to TOML support for multiline strings. Just remember to escape new lines, so the final description appears on one line only in your package metadata. Indentation will be removed as well when escaping new lines:
description = \"\"\"\\\n Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, \\\n sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. \\\n Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco \\\n laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.\\\n\"\"\"\nSee TOML's specification on strings.
"},{"location":"reference/pep621/#package-version","title":"Package version","text":"StaticDynamic[project]\nversion = \"1.0.0\"\n[project]\n...\ndynamic = [\"version\"]\n\n[tool.pdm]\nversion = { source = \"file\", path = \"mypackage/__version__.py\" }\nThe version will be read from the mypackage/__version__.py file searching for the pattern: __version__ = \"{version}\".
Read more information about other configurations in dynamic project version from the pdm-backend documentation.
The required version of Python is specified as the string requires-python:
requires-python = \">=3.9\"\nclassifiers = [\n \"Programming Language :: Python :: 3\",\n \"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9\",\n \"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10\",\n \"Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11\",\n ...\n]\nNote: As per PEP 621, PDM is not permitted to dynamically update the classifiers section like some other non-compliant tools. Thus, you should also include the appropriate trove classifiers as shown above if you plan on publishing your package on PyPI.
The license is specified as the string license:
license = {text = \"BSD-2-Clause\"}\nclassifiers = [\n \"License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License\",\n ...\n]\nNote: As per PEP 621, PDM is not permitted to dynamically update the classifiers section like some other non-compliant tools. Thus, you should also include the appropriate trove classifiers as shown above if you plan on publishing your package on PyPI.
The project.dependencies is an array of dependency specification strings following the PEP 440 and PEP 508.
Examples:
[project]\n...\ndependencies = [\n# Named requirement\n\"requests\",\n# Named requirement with version specifier\n\"flask >= 1.1.0\",\n# Requirement with environment marker\n\"pywin32; sys_platform == 'win32'\",\n# URL requirement\n\"pip @ git+https://github.com/pypa/pip.git@20.3.1\"\n]\nYou can have some requirements optional, which is similar to setuptools' extras_require parameter.
[project.optional-dependencies]\nsocks = [ 'PySocks >= 1.5.6, != 1.5.7, < 2' ]\ntests = [\n'ddt >= 1.2.2, < 2',\n'pytest < 6',\n'mock >= 1.0.1, < 4; python_version < \"3.4\"',\n]\nTo install a group of optional dependencies:
pdm install -G socks\n-G option can be given multiple times to include more than one group.
Depending on which build backend you are using, PDM will expand some variables in the dependency strings.
"},{"location":"reference/pep621/#environment-variables","title":"Environment variables","text":"pdm-backendhatchling[project]\ndependencies = [\"flask @ https://${USERNAME}:${PASSWORD}/artifacts.io/Flask-1.1.2.tar.gz\"]\n[project]\ndependencies = [\"flask @ https://{env:USERNAME}:{env:PASSWORD}/artifacts.io/Flask-1.1.2.tar.gz\"]\nFind more usages here
Don't worry about credential leakage, the environment variables will be expanded when needed and kept untouched in the lock file.
"},{"location":"reference/pep621/#relative-paths","title":"Relative paths","text":"When you add a package from a relative path, PDM will automatically save it as a relative path for pdm-backend and hatchling.
For example, if you run pdm add ./my-package, it will result in the following line in pyproject.toml.
[project]\ndependencies = [\"my-package @ file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/my-package\"]\n[project]\ndependencies = [\"my-package @ {root:uri}/my-package\"]\nBy default, hatchling doesn't support direct references in the dependency string, you need to turn it on in pyproject.toml:
[tool.hatch.metadata]\nallow-direct-references = true\nThe relative path will be expanded based on the project root when installing or locking.
"},{"location":"reference/pep621/#console-scripts","title":"Console scripts","text":"The following content:
[project.scripts]\nmycli = \"mycli.__main__:main\"\nwill be translated to setuptools style:
entry_points = {\n 'console_scripts': [\n 'mycli=mycli.__main__:main'\n ]\n}\nAlso, [project.gui-scripts] will be translated to gui_scripts entry points group in setuptools style.
Other types of entry points are given by [project.entry-points.<type>] section, with the same format of [project.scripts]:
[project.entry-points.pytest11]\nmyplugin = \"mypackage.plugin:pytest_plugin\"\nIf the entry point name contains dots or other special characters, wrap it in quotes:
[project.entry-points.\"flake8.extension\"]\nmyplugin = \"mypackage.plugin:flake8_plugin\"\nTox is a great tool for testing against multiple Python versions or dependency sets. You can configure a tox.ini like the following to integrate your testing with PDM:
[tox]\nenv_list = py{36,37,38},lint\n\n[testenv]\nsetenv =\nPDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON=\"1\"\ndeps = pdm\ncommands =\npdm install --dev\npytest tests\n\n[testenv:lint]\ndeps = pdm\ncommands =\npdm install -G lint\nflake8 src/\nTo use the virtualenv created by Tox, you should make sure you have set pdm config python.use_venv true. PDM then will install dependencies from pdm lock into the virtualenv. In the dedicated venv you can directly run tools by pytest tests/ instead of pdm run pytest tests/.
You should also make sure you don't run pdm add/pdm remove/pdm update/pdm lock in the test commands, otherwise the pdm lock file will be modified unexpectedly. Additional dependencies can be supplied with the deps config. Besides, isolated_build and passenv config should be set as the above example to make PDM work properly.
To get rid of these constraints, there is a Tox plugin tox-pdm which can ease the usage. You can install it by
pip install tox-pdm\nOr,
pdm add --dev tox-pdm\nAnd you can make the tox.ini much tidier as following, :
[tox]\nenv_list = py{36,37,38},lint\n\n[testenv]\ngroups = dev\ncommands =\npytest tests\n\n[testenv:lint]\ngroups = lint\ncommands =\nflake8 src/\nSee the project's README for a detailed guidance.
"},{"location":"usage/advanced/#use-nox-as-the-runner","title":"Use Nox as the runner","text":"Nox is another great tool for automated testing. Unlike tox, Nox uses a standard Python file for configuration.
It is much easier to use PDM in Nox, here is an example of noxfile.py:
import os\nimport nox\n\nos.environ.update({\"PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON\": \"1\"})\n@nox.session\ndef tests(session):\n session.run_always('pdm', 'install', '-G', 'test', external=True)\n session.run('pytest')\n\n@nox.session\ndef lint(session):\n session.run_always('pdm', 'install', '-G', 'lint', external=True)\n session.run('flake8', '--import-order-style', 'google')\nNote that PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON should be set so that PDM can pick up the Python in the virtualenv correctly. Also make sure pdm is available in the PATH. Before running nox, you should also ensure configuration item python.use_venv is true to enable venv reusing.
__pypackages__ directory","text":"By default, if you run tools by pdm run, __pypackages__ will be seen by the program and all subprocesses created by it. This means virtual environments created by those tools are also aware of the packages inside __pypackages__, which result in unexpected behavior in some cases. For nox, you can avoid this by adding a line in noxfile.py:
os.environ.pop(\"PYTHONPATH\", None)\nFor tox, PYTHONPATH will not be passed to the test sessions so this isn't going to be a problem. Moreover, it is recommended to make nox and tox live in their own pipx environments so you don't need to install for every project. In this case, PEP 582 packages will not be a problem either.
Only one thing to keep in mind -- PDM can't be installed on Python < 3.7, so if your project is to be tested on those Python versions, you have to make sure PDM is installed on the correct Python version, which can be different from the target Python version the particular job/task is run on.
Fortunately, if you are using GitHub Action, there is pdm-project/setup-pdm to make this process easier. Here is an example workflow of GitHub Actions, while you can adapt it for other CI platforms.
Testing:\nruns-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\nstrategy:\nmatrix:\npython-version: [3.7, 3.8, 3.9, '3.10', '3.11']\nos: [ubuntu-latest, macOS-latest, windows-latest]\n\nsteps:\n- uses: actions/checkout@v3\n- name: Set up PDM\nuses: pdm-project/setup-pdm@v3\nwith:\npython-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}\n\n- name: Install dependencies\nrun: |\npdm sync -d -G testing\n- name: Run Tests\nrun: |\npdm run -v pytest tests\nTIPS
For GitHub Action users, there is a known compatibility issue on Ubuntu virtual environment. If PDM parallel install is failed on that machine you should either set parallel_install to false or set env LD_PRELOAD=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1. It is already handled by the pdm-project/setup-pdm action.
Note
If your CI scripts run without a proper user set, you might get permission errors when PDM tries to create its cache directory. To work around this, you can set the HOME environment variable yourself, to a writable directory, for example:
export HOME=/tmp/home\nIt is possible to use PDM in a multi-stage Dockerfile to first install the project and dependencies into __pypackages__ and then copy this folder into the final stage, adding it to PYTHONPATH.
# build stage\nFROM python:3.8 AS builder\n\n# install PDM\nRUN pip install -U pip setuptools wheel\nRUN pip install pdm\n\n# copy files\nCOPY pyproject.toml pdm.lock README.md /project/\nCOPY src/ /project/src\n\n# install dependencies and project into the local packages directory\nWORKDIR /project\nRUN mkdir __pypackages__ && pdm sync --prod --no-editable\n\n\n# run stage\nFROM python:3.8\n\n# retrieve packages from build stage\nENV PYTHONPATH=/project/pkgs\nCOPY --from=builder /project/__pypackages__/3.8/lib /project/pkgs\n\n# retrieve executables\nCOPY --from=builder /project/__pypackages__/3.8/bin/* /bin/\n\n# set command/entrypoint, adapt to fit your needs\nCMD [\"python\", \"-m\", \"project\"]\nWith PDM, you can have multiple sub-packages within a single project, each with its own pyproject.toml file. And you can create only one pdm.lock file to lock all dependencies. The sub-packages can have each other as their dependencies. To achieve this, follow these steps:
project/pyproject.toml:
[tool.pdm.dev-dependencies]\ndev = [\n\"-e file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/packages/foo-core\",\n\"-e file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/packages/foo-cli\",\n\"-e file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/packages/foo-app\",\n]\npackages/foo-cli/pyproject.toml:
[project]\ndependencies = [\"foo-core\"]\npackages/foo-app/pyproject.toml:
[project]\ndependencies = [\"foo-core\"]\nNow, run pdm install in the project root, and you will get a pdm.lock with all dependencies locked. All sub-packages will be installed in editable mode.
Look at the \ud83d\ude80 Example repository for more details.
"},{"location":"usage/advanced/#hooks-for-pre-commit","title":"Hooks forpre-commit","text":"pre-commit is a powerful framework for managing git hooks in a centralized fashion. PDM already uses pre-commit hooks for its internal QA checks. PDM exposes also several hooks that can be run locally or in CI pipelines.
requirements.txt or setup.py","text":"This hook wraps the command pdm export along with any valid argument. It can be used as a hook (e.g., for CI) to ensure that you are going to check in the codebase a requirements.txt or a setup.py file, which reflects the actual content of pdm lock.
# export python requirements\n- repo: https://github.com/pdm-project/pdm\nrev: 2.x.y # a PDM release exposing the hook\nhooks:\n- id: pdm-export\n# command arguments, e.g.:\nargs: ['-o', 'requirements.txt', '--without-hashes']\nfiles: ^pdm.lock$\npdm.lock is up to date with pyproject.toml","text":"This hook wraps the command pdm lock --check along with any valid argument. It can be used as a hook (e.g., for CI) to ensure that whenever pyproject.toml has a dependency added/changed/removed, that pdm.lock is also up to date.
- repo: https://github.com/pdm-project/pdm\nrev: 2.x.y # a PDM release exposing the hook\nhooks:\n- id: pdm-lock-check\nPDM's config command works just like git config, except that --list isn't needed to show configurations.
Show the current configurations:
pdm config\nGet one single configuration:
pdm config pypi.url\nChange a configuration value and store in home configuration:
pdm config pypi.url \"https://test.pypi.org/simple\"\nBy default, the configuration are changed globally, if you want to make the config seen by this project only, add a --local flag:
pdm config --local pypi.url \"https://test.pypi.org/simple\"\nAny local configurations will be stored in pdm.toml under the project root directory.
The configuration files are searched in the following order:
<PROJECT_ROOT>/pdm.toml - The project configuration<CONFIG_ROOT>/config.toml - The home configuration<SITE_CONFIG_ROOT>/config.toml - The site configurationwhere <CONFIG_ROOT> is:
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/pdm (~/.config/pdm in most cases) on Linux as defined by XDG Base Directory Specification~/Library/Application Support/pdm on macOS as defined by Apple File System Basics%USERPROFILE%\\AppData\\Local\\pdm on Windows as defined in Known foldersand <SITE_CONFIG_ROOT> is:
$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/pdm (/etc/xdg/pdm in most cases) on Linux as defined by XDG Base Directory Specification/Library/Application Support/pdm on macOS as defined by Apple File System BasicsC:\\ProgramData\\pdm\\pdm on Windows as defined in Known foldersIf -g/--global option is used, the first item will be replaced by <CONFIG_ROOT>/global-project/pdm.toml.
You can find all available configuration items in Configuration Page.
"},{"location":"usage/config/#configure-the-python-finder","title":"Configure the Python finder","text":"By default, PDM will try to find Python interpreters in the following sources:
venv: The PDM virtualenv locationpath: The PATH environment variablepyenv: The pyenv install rootrye: The rye toolchain install rootasdf: The asdf python install rootwinreg: The Windows registryYou can unselect some of them or change the order by setting python.providers config key:
pdm config python.providers rye # Rye source only\npdm config python.providers pyenv,asdf # pyenv and asdf\nBy default, pdm's dependency resolver will ignore prereleases unless there are no stable versions for the given version range of a dependency. This behavior can be changed by setting allow_prereleases to true in [tool.pdm] table:
[tool.pdm]\nallow_prereleases = true\nYou can tell PDM where to to find the packages by either specifying sources in the pyproject.toml or via pypi.* configurations.
Add sources in pyproject.toml:
[[tool.pdm.source]]\nname = \"private\"\nurl = \"https://private.pypi.org/simple\"\nverify_ssl = true\nChange the default index via pdm config:
pdm config pypi.url \"https://test.pypi.org/simple\"\nAdd extra indexes via pdm config:
pdm config pypi.extra.url \"https://extra.pypi.org/simple\"\nThe available configuration options are:
url: The URL of the indexverify_ssl: (Optional)Whether to verify SSL certificates, default to trueusername: (Optional)The username for the indexpassword: (Optional)The password for the indextype: (Optional) index or find_links, default to indexBy default, all sources are PEP 503 style \"indexes\" like pip's --index-url and --extra-index-url, however, you can set the type to find_links which contains files or links to be looked for directly. See this answer for the difference between the two types.
These configurations are read in the following order to build the final source list:
pypi.url, if pypi doesn't appear in the name field of any source in pyproject.tomlpyproject.tomlpypi.<name>.url in PDM config.You can set pypi.ignore_stored_index to true to disable all indexes from the PDM config and only use those specified in pyproject.toml.
Disable the default PyPI index
If you want to omit the default PyPI index, just set the source name to pypi and that source will replace it.
[[tool.pdm.source]]\nurl = \"https://private.pypi.org/simple\"\nverify_ssl = true\nname = \"pypi\"\npyproject.toml or config When you want to share the indexes with other people who are going to use the project, you should add them in pyproject.toml. For example, some packages only exist in a private index and can't be installed if someone doesn't configure the index. Otherwise, store them in the local config which won't be seen by others.
By default, all sources are considered equal, packages from them are sorted by the version and wheel tags, the most matching one with the highest version is selected.
In some cases you may want to return packages from the preferred source, and search for others if they are missing from the former source. PDM supports this by reading the configuration respect-source-order:
[tool.pdm.resolution]\nrespect-source-order = true\nYou can bind packages to specific sources with include_packages and exclude_packages config under tool.pdm.source table.
[[tool.pdm.source]]\nname = \"private\"\nurl = \"https://private.pypi.org/simple\"\ninclude_packages = [\"foo\", \"foo-*\"]\nexclude_packages = [\"bar-*\"]\nWith the above configuration, any package matching foo or foo-* will only be searched from the private index, and any package matching bar-* will be searched from all indexes except private.
Both include_packages and exclude_packages are optional and accept a list of glob patterns, and include_packages takes effect exclusively when the pattern matches.
You can specify credentials in the URL with ${ENV_VAR} variable expansion and these variables will be read from the environment variables:
[[tool.pdm.source]]\nname = \"private\"\nurl = \"https://${PRIVATE_PYPI_USERNAME}:${PRIVATE_PYPI_PASSWORD}@private.pypi.org/simple\"\nYou can use a custom CA bundle or client certificate for HTTPS requests. It can be configured for both indexes(for package download) and repositories(for upload):
pdm config pypi.ca_certs /path/to/ca_bundle.pem\npdm config repository.pypi.ca_certs /path/to/ca_bundle.pem\nBesides, it is possible to use the system trust store, instead of the bundled certifi certificates for verifying HTTPS certificates. This approach will typically support corporate proxy certificates without additional configuration.
To use truststore, you need Python 3.10 or newer and install truststore into the same environment as PDM:
$ pdm self add truststore\nIndex configurations are merged with the name field of [[tool.pdm.source]] table or pypi.<name> key in the config file. This enables you to store the url and credentials separately, to avoid secrets being exposed in the source control. For example, if you have the following configuration:
[[tool.pdm.source]]\nname = \"private\"\nurl = \"https://private.pypi.org/simple\"\nYou can store the credentials in the config file:
pdm config pypi.private.username \"foo\"\npdm config pypi.private.password \"bar\"\nPDM can retrieve the configurations for private index from both places.
If the index requires a username and password, but they can't be found from the environment variables nor config file, PDM will prompt you to enter them. Or, if keyring is installed, it will be used as the credential store. PDM can use the keyring from either the installed package or the CLI.
If a package is required by many projects on the system, each project has to keep its own copy. This can be a waste of disk space, especially for data science and machine learning projects.
PDM supports caching installations of the same wheel by installing it in a centralized package repository and linking to that installation in different projects. To enable it, run:
pdm config install.cache on\nIt can be enabled on a per-project basis by adding the --local option to the command.
The caches are located in $(pdm config cache_dir)/packages. You can view the cache usage with pdm cache info. Note that the cached installs are managed automatically -- they will be deleted if they are not linked to any projects. Manually deleting the caches from disk may break some projects on the system.
Note
Only the installation of named requirements resolved from PyPI can be cached.
"},{"location":"usage/config/#configure-the-repositories-for-upload","title":"Configure the repositories for upload","text":"When using the pdm publish command, it reads the repository secrets from the global config file(<CONFIG_ROOT>/config.toml). The content of the config is as follows:
[repository.pypi]\nusername = \"frostming\"\npassword = \"<secret>\"\n\n[repository.company]\nurl = \"https://pypi.company.org/legacy/\"\nusername = \"frostming\"\npassword = \"<secret>\"\nca_certs = \"/path/to/custom-cacerts.pem\"\nAlternatively, these credentials can be provided with env vars:
export PDM_PUBLISH_REPO=...\nexport PDM_PUBLISH_USERNAME=...\nexport PDM_PUBLISH_PASSWORD=...\nexport PDM_PUBLISH_CA_CERTS=...\nA PEM-encoded Certificate Authority bundle (ca_certs) can be used for local / custom PyPI repositories where the server certificate is not signed by the standard certifi CA bundle.
Note
Repositories are different from indexes in the previous section. Repositories are for publishing while indexes are for locking and resolving. They don't share the configuration.
Tip
You don't need to configure the url for pypi and testpypi repositories, they are filled by default values. The username, password, and certificate authority bundle can be passed in from the command line for pdm publish via --username, --password, and --ca-certs, respectively.
To change the repository config from the command line, use the pdm config command:
pdm config repository.pypi.username \"__token__\"\npdm config repository.pypi.password \"my-pypi-token\"\n\npdm config repository.company.url \"https://pypi.company.org/legacy/\"\npdm config repository.company.ca_certs \"/path/to/custom-cacerts.pem\"\nWhen keyring is available and supported, the passwords will be stored to and retrieved from the keyring instead of writing to the config file. This supports both indexes and upload repositories. The service name will be pdm-pypi-<name> for an index and pdm-repository-<name> for a repository.
You can enable keyring by either installing keyring into the same environment as PDM or installing globally. To add keyring to the PDM environment:
pdm self add keyring\nAlternatively, if you have installed a copy of keyring globally, make sure the CLI is exposed in the PATH env var to make it discoverable by PDM:
export PATH=$PATH:path/to/keyring/bin\nNew in version 1.12.0
Sometimes you can't get a dependency resolution due to incorrect version ranges set by upstream libraries that you can't fix. In this case you can use PDM's overrides feature to force a specific version of a package to be installed.
Given the following configuration in pyproject.toml:
[tool.pdm.resolution.overrides]\nasgiref = \"3.2.10\" # exact version\nurllib3 = \">=1.26.2\" # version range\npytz = \"https://mypypi.org/packages/pytz-2020.9-py3-none-any.whl\" # absolute URL\nEach entry of that table is a package name with the wanted version. In this example, PDM will resolve the above packages into the given versions no matter whether there is any other resolution available.
Warning
By using [tool.pdm.resolution.overrides] setting, you are at your own risk of any incompatibilities from that resolution. It can only be used if there is no valid resolution for your requirements and you know the specific version works. Most of the time, you can just add any transient constraints to the dependencies array.
New in version 2.7.0
You can add extra options passed to individual pdm commands by tool.pdm.options configuration:
[tool.pdm.options]\nadd = [\"--no-isolation\", \"--no-self\"]\ninstall = [\"--no-self\"]\nlock = [\"--no-cross-platform\"]\nThese options will be added right after the command name. For instance, based on the configuration above, pdm add requests is equivalent to pdm add --no-isolation --no-self requests.
New in version 2.10.0
You may see some warnings when resolving dependencies like this:
PackageWarning: Skipping scipy@1.10.0 because it requires Python\n<3.12,>=3.8 but the project claims to work with Python>=3.9.\nNarrow down the `requires-python` range to include this version. For example, \">=3.9,<3.12\" should work.\n warnings.warn(record.message, PackageWarning, stacklevel=1)\nUse `-q/--quiet` to suppress these warnings, or ignore them per-package with `ignore_package_warnings` config in [tool.pdm] table.\nThis is because the supported range of Python versions of the package doesn't cover the requires-python value specified in the pyproject.toml. You can ignore these warnings in a per-package basis by adding the following config:
[tool.pdm]\nignore_package_warnings = [\"scipy\", \"tensorflow-*\"]\nWhere each item is a case-insensitive glob pattern to match the package name.
"},{"location":"usage/dependency/","title":"Manage Dependencies","text":"PDM provides a bunch of handful commands to help manage your project and dependencies. The following examples are run on Ubuntu 18.04, a few changes must be done if you are using Windows.
"},{"location":"usage/dependency/#add-dependencies","title":"Add dependencies","text":"pdm add can be followed by one or several dependencies, and the dependency specification is described in PEP 508.
Examples:
pdm add requests # add requests\npdm add requests==2.25.1 # add requests with version constraint\npdm add requests[socks] # add requests with extra dependency\npdm add \"flask>=1.0\" flask-sqlalchemy # add multiple dependencies with different specifiers\nPDM also allows extra dependency groups by providing -G/--group <name> option, and those dependencies will go to [project.optional-dependencies.<name>] table in the project file, respectively.
You can reference other optional groups in optional-dependencies, even before the package is uploaded:
[project]\nname = \"foo\"\nversion = \"0.1.0\"\n\n[project.optional-dependencies]\nsocks = [\"pysocks\"]\njwt = [\"pyjwt\"]\nall = [\"foo[socks,jwt]\"]\nAfter that, dependencies and sub-dependencies will be resolved properly and installed for you, you can view pdm.lock to see the resolved result of all dependencies.
Local packages can be added with their paths. The path can be a file or a directory:
pdm add ./sub-package\npdm add ./first-1.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl\nThe paths MUST start with a ., otherwise it will be recognized as a normal named requirement. The local dependencies will be written to the pyproject.toml file with the URL format:
[project]\ndependencies = [\n\"sub-package @ file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/sub-package\",\n\"first @ file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/first-1.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl\",\n]\nIf you are using hatchling instead of the pdm backend, the URLs would be as follows:
sub-package @ {root:uri}/sub-package\nfirst @ {root:uri}/first-1.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl\nPDM also supports downloading and installing packages directly from a web address.
Examples:
# Install gzipped package from a plain URL\npdm add \"https://github.com/numpy/numpy/releases/download/v1.20.0/numpy-1.20.0.tar.gz\"\n# Install wheel from a plain URL\npdm add \"https://github.com/explosion/spacy-models/releases/download/en_core_web_trf-3.5.0/en_core_web_trf-3.5.0-py3-none-any.whl\"\nYou can also install from a git repository url or other version control systems. The following are supported:
githgsvnbzrThe URL should be like: {vcs}+{url}@{rev}
Examples:
# Install pip repo on tag `22.0`\npdm add \"git+https://github.com/pypa/pip.git@22.0\"\n# Provide credentials in the URL\npdm add \"git+https://username:password@github.com/username/private-repo.git@master\"\n# Give a name to the dependency\npdm add \"pip @ git+https://github.com/pypa/pip.git@22.0\"\n# Or use the #egg fragment\npdm add \"git+https://github.com/pypa/pip.git@22.0#egg=pip\"\n# Install from a subdirectory\npdm add \"git+https://github.com/owner/repo.git@master#egg=pkg&subdirectory=subpackage\"\nYou can hide the credentials in the URL by using the ${ENV_VAR} variable syntax:
[project]\ndependencies = [\n\"mypackage @ git+http://${VCS_USER}:${VCS_PASSWD}@test.git.com/test/mypackage.git@master\"\n]\nThese variables will be read from the environment variables when installing the project.
"},{"location":"usage/dependency/#add-development-only-dependencies","title":"Add development only dependencies","text":"New in 1.5.0
PDM also supports defining groups of dependencies that are useful for development, e.g. some for testing and others for linting. We usually don't want these dependencies appear in the distribution's metadata so using optional-dependencies is probably not a good idea. We can define them as development dependencies:
pdm add -dG test pytest\nThis will result in a pyproject.toml as following:
[tool.pdm.dev-dependencies]\ntest = [\"pytest\"]\nYou can have several groups of development only dependencies. Unlike optional-dependencies, they won't appear in the package distribution metadata such as PKG-INFO or METADATA. The package index won't be aware of these dependencies. The schema is similar to that of optional-dependencies, except that it is in tool.pdm table.
[tool.pdm.dev-dependencies]\nlint = [\n\"flake8\",\n\"black\"\n]\ntest = [\"pytest\", \"pytest-cov\"]\ndoc = [\"mkdocs\"]\n-d or --dev is specified, dependencies will go to dev group under [tool.pdm.dev-dependencies] by default. Note
The same group name MUST NOT appear in both [tool.pdm.dev-dependencies] and [project.optional-dependencies].
Local directories and VCS dependencies can be installed in editable mode. If you are familiar with pip, it is just like pip install -e <package>. Editable packages are allowed only in development dependencies:
Note
Editable installs are only allowed in the dev dependency group. Other groups, including the default, will fail with a [PdmUsageError].
# A relative path to the directory\npdm add -e ./sub-package --dev\n# A file URL to a local directory\npdm add -e file:///path/to/sub-package --dev\n# A VCS URL\npdm add -e git+https://github.com/pallets/click.git@main#egg=click --dev\nIf the package is given without a version specifier like pdm add requests. PDM provides three different behaviors of what version specifier is saved for the dependency, which is given by --save-<strategy>(Assume 2.21.0 is the latest version that can be found for the dependency):
minimum: Save the minimum version specifier: >=2.21.0 (default).compatible: Save the compatible version specifier: >=2.21.0,<3.0.0.exact: Save the exact version specifier: ==2.21.0.wildcard: Don't constrain version and leave the specifier to be wildcard: *.One can give --pre/--prerelease option to pdm add so that prereleases are allowed to be pinned for the given packages.
To update all dependencies in the lock file:
pdm update\nTo update the specified package(s):
pdm update requests\nTo update multiple groups of dependencies:
pdm update -G security -G http\nOr using comma-separated list:
pdm update -G \"security,http\"\nTo update a given package in the specified group:
pdm update -G security cryptography\nIf the group is not given, PDM will search for the requirement in the default dependencies set and raises an error if none is found.
To update packages in development dependencies:
# Update all default + dev-dependencies\npdm update -d\n# Update a package in the specified group of dev-dependencies\npdm update -dG test pytest\nSimilarly, PDM also provides 3 different behaviors of updating dependencies and sub-dependencies\uff0c which is given by --update-<strategy> option:
reuse: Keep all locked dependencies except for those given in the command line (default).eager: Try to lock a newer version of the packages in command line and their recursive sub-dependencies and keep other dependencies as they are.all: Update all dependencies and sub-dependencies.One can give -u/--unconstrained to tell PDM to ignore the version specifiers in the pyproject.toml. This works similarly to the yarn upgrade -L/--latest command. Besides, pdm update also supports the --pre/--prerelease option.
To remove existing dependencies from project file and the library directory:
# Remove requests from the default dependencies\npdm remove requests\n# Remove h11 from the 'web' group of optional-dependencies\npdm remove -G web h11\n# Remove pytest-cov from the `test` group of dev-dependencies\npdm remove -dG test pytest-cov\nThere are a few similar commands to do this job with slight differences:
pdm sync installs packages from the lock file.pdm update will update the lock file, then sync.pdm install will check the project file for changes, update the lock file if needed, then sync.sync also has a few options to manage installed packages:
--clean: will remove packages no longer in the lockfile--only-keep: only selected packages (using options like -G or --prod) will be kept.You can specify another lockfile than the default pdm lock by using the -L/--lockfile <filepath> option or the PDM_LOCKFILE environment variable.
Say we have a project with following dependencies:
[project] # This is production dependencies\ndependencies = [\"requests\"]\n\n[project.optional-dependencies] # This is optional dependencies\nextra1 = [\"flask\"]\nextra2 = [\"django\"]\n\n[tool.pdm.dev-dependencies] # This is dev dependencies\ndev1 = [\"pytest\"]\ndev2 = [\"mkdocs\"]\npdm install install all groups locked in the lockfile pdm install -G extra1 install prod deps, dev deps, and \"extra1\" optional group pdm install -G dev1 install prod deps and only \"dev1\" dev group pdm install -G:all install prod deps, dev deps and \"extra1\", \"extra2\" optional groups pdm install -G extra1 -G dev1 install prod deps, \"extra1\" optional group and only \"dev1\" dev group pdm install --prod install prod only pdm install --prod -G extra1 install prod deps and \"extra1\" optional pdm install --prod -G dev1 Fail, --prod can't be given with dev dependencies Leave the --prod option All development dependencies are included as long as --prod is not passed and -G doesn't specify any dev groups.
Besides, if you don't want the root project to be installed, add --no-self option, and --no-editable can be used when you want all packages to be installed in non-editable versions.
You may also use the pdm lock command with these options to lock only the specified groups, which will be recorded in the [metadata] table of the lock file. If no --group/--prod/--dev/--no-default option is specified, pdm sync and pdm update will operate using the groups in the lockfile. However, if any groups that are not included in the lockfile are given as arguments to the commands, PDM will raise an error.
This feature is especially valuable when managing multiple lockfiles, where each may have different versions of the same package pinned. To switch between lockfiles, you can use the --lockfile/-L option.
For a realistic example, your project depends on a release version of werkzeug and you may want to work with a local in-development copy of it when developing. You can add the following to your pyproject.toml:
[project]\nrequires-python = \">=3.7\"\ndependencies = [\"werkzeug\"]\n\n[tool.pdm.dev-dependencies]\ndev = [\"werkzeug @ file:///${PROJECT_ROOT}/dev/werkzeug\"]\nThen, run pdm lock with different options to generate lockfiles for different purposes:
# Lock default + dev, write to pdm.lock\n# with the local copy of werkzeug pinned.\npdm lock\n# Lock default, write to pdm.prod.lock\n# with the release version of werkzeug pinned.\npdm lock --prod -L pdm.prod.lock\nCheck the metadata.groups field in the lockfile to see which groups are included.
Currently, we support three flags to control the locking behavior: cross_platform, static_urls and direct_minimal_versions, with the meanings as follows. You can pass one or more flags to pdm lock by --strategy/-S option, either by giving a comma-separated list or by passing the option multiple times. Both of these commands function in the same way:
pdm lock -S cross_platform,static_urls\npdm lock -S cross_platform -S static_urls\nThe flags will be encoded in the lockfile and get read when you run pdm lock next time. But you can disable flags by prefixing the flag name with no_:
pdm lock -S no_cross_platform\nThis command makes the lockfile not cross-platform.
"},{"location":"usage/dependency/#cross-platform","title":"Cross platform","text":"New in version 2.6.0
By default, the generated lockfile is cross-platform, which means the current platform isn't taken into account when resolving the dependencies. The result lockfile will contain wheels and dependencies for all possible platforms and Python versions. However, sometimes this will result in a wrong lockfile when a release doesn't contain all wheels. To avoid this, you can tell PDM to create a lockfile that works for this platform only, trimming the wheels not relevant to the current platform. This can be done by passing the --strategy no_cross_platform option to pdm lock:
pdm lock --strategy no_cross_platform\nNew in version 2.8.0
By default, PDM only stores the filenames of the packages in the lockfile, which benefits the reusability across different package indexes. However, if you want to store the static URLs of the packages in the lockfile, you can pass the --strategy static_urls option to pdm lock:
pdm lock --strategy static_urls\nThe settings will be saved and remembered for the same lockfile. You can also pass --strategy no_static_urls to disable it.
New in version 2.10.0
When it is enabled by passing --strategy direct_minimal_versions, dependencies specified in the pyproject.toml will be resolved to the minimal versions available, rather than the latest versions. This is useful when you want to test the compatibility of your project within a range of dependency versions.
For example, if you specified flask>=2.0 in the pyproject.toml, flask will be resolved to version 2.0.0 if there is no other compatibility issue.
Note
Version constraints in package dependencies are not future-proof. If you resolve the dependencies to the minimal versions, there will likely be backwards-compatibility issues. For example, flask==2.0.0 requires werkzeug>=2.0, but in fact, it can not work with Werkzeug 3.0.0, which is released 2 years after it.
Similar to pip list, you can list all packages installed in the packages directory:
pdm list\nBy default, all packages installed in the working set will be listed. You can specify which groups to be listed by --include/--exclude options, and include has a higher priority than exclude.
pdm list --include dev\npdm list --exclude test\nThere is a special group :sub, when included, all transitive dependencies will also be shown. It is included by default.
You can also pass --resolve to pdm list, which will show the packages resolved in pdm.lock, rather than installed in the working set.
By default, name, version and location will be shown in the list output, you can view more fields or specify the order of fields by --fields option:
pdm list --fields name,license,version\nFor all supported fields, please refer to the CLI reference.
Also, you can specify the output format other than the default table output. The supported formats and options are --csv, --json, --markdown and --freeze.
Or show a dependency tree by:
$ pdm list --tree\ntempenv 0.0.0\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 click 7.0 [ required: <7.0.0,>=6.7 ]\nblack 19.10b0\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 appdirs 1.4.3 [ required: Any ]\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 attrs 19.3.0 [ required: >=18.1.0 ]\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 click 7.0 [ required: >=6.5 ]\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 pathspec 0.7.0 [ required: <1,>=0.6 ]\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 regex 2020.2.20 [ required: Any ]\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 toml 0.10.0 [ required: >=0.9.4 ]\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 typed-ast 1.4.1 [ required: >=1.4.0 ]\nbump2version 1.0.0\nNote that --fields option doesn't work with --tree.
You can also limit the packages to show by passing the patterns to pdm list:
pdm list flask-* requests-*\nIn most shells, the wildcard * will be expanded if there are matching files under the current directory. To avoid getting unexpected results, you can quote the patterns: pdm list 'flask-*' 'requests-*'.
In --tree mode, only the subtree of the matched packages will be displayed. This can be used to achieve the same purpose as pnpm why, which is to show why a specific package is required.
$ pdm list --tree --reverse certifi\ncertifi 2023.7.22\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 requests 2.31.0 [ requires: >=2017.4.17 ]\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 cachecontrol[filecache] 0.13.1 [ requires: >=2.16.0 ]\nInclude the following setting in pyproject.toml to enable:
[tool.pdm]\nallow_prereleases = true\nIf you want to control the format(binary/sdist) of the packages, you can set the env vars PDM_NO_BINARY and PDM_ONLY_BINARY.
Each env var is a comma-separated list of package name. You can set it to :all: to apply to all packages. For example:
# No binary for werkzeug will be locked nor used for installation\nPDM_NO_BINARY=werkzeug pdm add flask\n# Only binaries will be locked in the lock file\nPDM_ONLY_BINARY=:all: pdm lock\n# No binaries will be used for installation\nPDM_NO_BINARY=:all: pdm install\n# Prefer binary distributions and even if sdist with higher version is available\nPDM_PREFER_BINARY=flask pdm install\nIf PDM is not able to find a resolution to satisfy the requirements, it will raise an error. For example,
pdm django==3.1.4 \"asgiref<3\"\n...\n\ud83d\udd12 Lock failed\nUnable to find a resolution for asgiref because of the following conflicts:\n asgiref<3 (from project)\nasgiref<4,>=3.2.10 (from <Candidate django 3.1.4 from https://pypi.org/simple/django/>)\nTo fix this, you could loosen the dependency version constraints in pyproject.toml. If that is not possible, you could also override the resolved version in `[tool.pdm.resolution.overrides]` table.\nYou can either change to a lower version of django or remove the upper bound of asgiref. But if it is not eligible for your project, you can try overriding the resolved package versions in pyproject.toml.
Sometimes users may want to keep track of the dependencies of global Python interpreter as well. It is easy to do so with PDM, via -g/--global option which is supported by most subcommands.
If the option is passed, <CONFIG_ROOT>/global-project will be used as the project directory, which is almost the same as normal project except that pyproject.toml will be created automatically for you and it doesn't support build features. The idea is taken from Haskell's stack.
However, unlike stack, by default, PDM won't use global project automatically if a local project is not found. Users should pass -g/--global explicitly to activate it, since it is not very pleasing if packages go to a wrong place. But PDM also leave the decision to users, just set the config global_project.fallback to true.
By default, when pdm uses global project implicitly the following message is printed: Project is not found, fallback to the global project. To disable this message set the config global_project.fallback_verbose to false.
If you want global project to track another project file other than <CONFIG_ROOT>/global-project, you can provide the project path via -p/--project <path> option. Especially if you pass --global --project ., PDM will install the dependencies of the current project into the global Python.
Warning
Be careful with remove and sync --clean/--pure commands when global project is used, because it may remove packages installed in your system Python.
You can also export pdm lock to other formats, to ease the CI flow or image building process. Currently, only requirements.txt format is supported:
pdm export -o requirements.txt\nNote
You can also run pdm export with a .pre-commit hook.
As any Python deliverable, your project will go through the different phases of a Python project lifecycle and PDM provides commands to perform the expected tasks for those phases.
It also provides hooks attached to these steps allowing for:
Besides, pre_invoke signal is emitted before ANY command is invoked, allowing plugins to modify the project or options beforehand.
The built-in commands are currently split into 3 groups:
You will most probably need to perform some recurrent tasks between the installation and publication phases (housekeeping, linting, testing, ...) this is why PDM lets you define your own tasks/phases using user scripts.
To provides full flexibility, PDM allows to skip some hooks and tasks on demand.
"},{"location":"usage/hooks/#initialization","title":"Initialization","text":"The initialization phase should occur only once in a project lifetime by running the pdm init command to initialize an existing project (prompt to fill the pyproject.toml file).
They trigger the following hooks:
post_initflowchart LR\n subgraph pdm-init [pdm init]\n direction LR\n post-init{{Emit post_init}}\n init --> post-init\n endThe dependencies management is required for the developer to be able to work and perform the following:
lock: compute a lock file from the pyproject.toml requirements.sync: synchronize (add/remove/update) PEP582 packages from the lock file and install the current project as editable.add: add a dependencyremove: remove a dependencyAll those steps are directly available with the following commands:
pdm lock: execute the lock taskpdm sync: execute the sync taskpdm install: execute the sync task, preceded from lock if requiredpdm add: add a dependency requirement, re-lock and then syncpdm remove: remove a dependency requirement, re-lock and then syncpdm update: re-lock dependencies from their latest versions and then syncThey trigger the following hooks:
pre_installpost_installpre_lockpost_lockflowchart LR\n subgraph pdm-install [pdm install]\n direction LR\n\n subgraph pdm-lock [pdm lock]\n direction TB\n pre-lock{{Emit pre_lock}}\n post-lock{{Emit post_lock}}\n pre-lock --> lock --> post-lock\n end\n\n subgraph pdm-sync [pdm sync]\n direction TB\n pre-install{{Emit pre_install}}\n post-install{{Emit post_install}}\n pre-install --> sync --> post-install\n end\n\n pdm-lock --> pdm-sync\n endThis is a special case in dependency management: you can switch the current Python version using pdm use and it will emit the post_use signal with the new Python interpreter.
flowchart LR\n subgraph pdm-use [pdm use]\n direction LR\n post-use{{Emit post_use}}\n use --> post-use\n endAs soon as you are ready to publish your package/library, you will require the publication tasks:
build: build/compile assets requiring it and package everything into a Python package (sdist, wheel)upload: upload/publish the package to a remote PyPI indexAll those steps are available with the following commands:
pdm buildpdm publishThey trigger the following hooks:
pre_publishpost_publishpre_buildpost_buildflowchart LR\n subgraph pdm-publish [pdm publish]\n direction LR\n pre-publish{{Emit pre_publish}}\n post-publish{{Emit post_publish}}\n\n subgraph pdm-build [pdm build]\n pre-build{{Emit pre_build}}\n post-build{{Emit post_build}}\n pre-build --> build --> post-build\n end\n\n %% subgraph pdm-upload [pdm upload]\n %% pre-upload{{Emit pre_upload}}\n %% post-upload{{Emit post_upload}}\n %% pre-upload --> upload --> post-upload\n %% end\n\n pre-publish --> pdm-build --> upload --> post-publish\n endExecution will stop at first failure, hooks included.
"},{"location":"usage/hooks/#user-scripts","title":"User scripts","text":"User scripts are detailed in their own section but you should know that:
pre_* and post_* script, including composite scripts.run execution will trigger the pre_run and post_run hookspre_script and post_script hooksGiven the following scripts definition:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\npre_script = \"\"\npost_script = \"\"\npre_test = \"\"\npost_test = \"\"\ntest = \"\"\npre_composite = \"\"\npost_composite = \"\"\ncomposite = {composite = [\"test\"]}\na pdm run test will have the following lifecycle:
flowchart LR\n subgraph pdm-run-test [pdm run test]\n direction LR\n pre-run{{Emit pre_run}}\n post-run{{Emit post_run}}\n subgraph run-test [test task]\n direction TB\n pre-script{{Emit pre_script}}\n post-script{{Emit post_script}}\n pre-test[Execute pre_test]\n post-test[Execute post_test]\n test[Execute test]\n\n pre-script --> pre-test --> test --> post-test --> post-script\n end\n\n pre-run --> run-test --> post-run\n endwhile pdm run composite will have the following:
flowchart LR\n subgraph pdm-run-composite [pdm run composite]\n direction LR\n pre-run{{Emit pre_run}}\n post-run{{Emit post_run}}\n\n subgraph run-composite [composite task]\n direction TB\n pre-script-composite{{Emit pre_script}}\n post-script-composite{{Emit post_script}}\n pre-composite[Execute pre_composite]\n post-composite[Execute post_composite]\n\n subgraph run-test [test task]\n direction TB\n pre-script-test{{Emit pre_script}}\n post-script-test{{Emit post_script}}\n pre-test[Execute pre_test]\n post-test[Execute post_test]\n\n pre-script-test --> pre-test --> test --> post-test --> post-script-test\n end\n\n pre-script-composite --> pre-composite --> run-test --> post-composite --> post-script-composite\n end\n\n pre-run --> run-composite --> post-run\n endIt is possible to control which task and hook runs for any built-in command as well as custom user scripts using the --skip option.
It accepts a comma-separated list of hooks/task names to skip as well as the predefined :all, :pre and :post shortcuts respectively skipping all hooks, all pre_* hooks and all post_* hooks. You can also provide the skip list in PDM_SKIP_HOOKS environment variable but it will be overridden as soon as the --skip parameter is provided.
Given the previous script block, running pdm run --skip=:pre,post_test composite will result in the following reduced lifecycle:
flowchart LR\n subgraph pdm-run-composite [pdm run composite]\n direction LR\n post-run{{Emit post_run}}\n\n subgraph run-composite [composite task]\n direction TB\n post-script-composite{{Emit post_script}}\n post-composite[Execute post_composite]\n\n subgraph run-test [test task]\n direction TB\n post-script-test{{Emit post_script}}\n\n test --> post-script-test\n end\n\n run-test --> post-composite --> post-script-composite\n end\n\n run-composite --> post-run\n endPEP 582 has been rejected
This is a rejected PEP. However, due to the fact that this feature is the reason for PDM's birth, PDM will retain the support. We recommend using virtual environments instead.
With PEP 582, dependencies will be installed into __pypackages__ directory under the project root. With PEP 582 enabled globally, you can also use the project interpreter to run scripts directly.
When the project interpreter is a normal Python, this mode is enabled.
Besides, on a project you work with for the first time on your machine, if it contains an empty __pypackages__ directory, PEP 582 is enabled automatically, and virtualenv won't be created.
To make the Python interpreters aware of PEP 582 packages, one need to add the pdm/pep582/sitecustomize.py to the Python library search path.
One just needs to execute pdm --pep582, then environment variable will be changed automatically. Don't forget to restart the terminal session to take effect.
The command to change the environment variables can be printed by pdm --pep582 [<SHELL>]. If <SHELL> isn't given, PDM will pick one based on some guesses. You can run eval \"$(pdm --pep582)\" to execute the command.
You may want to write a line in your .bash_profile(or similar profiles) to make it effective when logging in. For example, in bash you can do this:
pdm --pep582 >> ~/.bash_profile\nOnce again, Don't forget to restart the terminal session to take effect.
How is it done?Thanks to the site packages loading on Python startup. It is possible to patch the sys.path by executing the sitecustomize.py shipped with PDM. The interpreter can search the directories for the nearest __pypackage__ folder and append it to the sys.path variable.
Now there are no built-in support or plugins for PEP 582 in most IDEs, you have to configure your tools manually.
"},{"location":"usage/pep582/#pycharm","title":"PyCharm","text":"Mark __pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib as Sources Root. Then, select as Python interpreter a Python installation with the same <major.minor> version.
Additionally, if you want to use tools from the environment (e.g. pytest), you have to add the __pypackages__/<major.minor>/bin directory to the PATH variable in the corresponding run/debug configuration.
Add the following two entries to the top-level dict in .vscode/settings.json:
{\n\"python.autoComplete.extraPaths\": [\"__pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib\"],\n\"python.analysis.extraPaths\": [\"__pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib\"]\n}\nThis file can be auto-generated with plugin pdm-vscode.
Enable PEP582 globally, and make sure VSCode runs using the same user and shell you enabled PEP582 for.
Cannot enable PEP582 globally?If for some reason you cannot enable PEP582 globally, you can still configure each \"launch\" in each project: set the PYTHONPATH environment variable in your launch configuration, in .vscode/launch.json. For example, to debug your pytest run:
{\n\"version\": \"0.2.0\",\n\"configurations\": [\n{\n\"name\": \"pytest\",\n\"type\": \"python\",\n\"request\": \"launch\",\n\"module\": \"pytest\",\n\"args\": [\"tests\"],\n\"justMyCode\": false,\n\"env\": {\"PYTHONPATH\": \"__pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib\"}\n}\n]\n}\nIf your package resides in a src directory, add it to PYTHONPATH as well:
\"env\": {\"PYTHONPATH\": \"src:__pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib\"}\nIf you have configured \"python.analysis.diagnosticMode\": \"workspace\", and you see a ton of errors/warnings as a result. you may need to create pyrightconfig.json in the workspace directory, and fill in the following fields:
{\n\"exclude\": [\"__pypackages__\"]\n}\nThen restart the language server or VS Code and you're good to go. In the future (microsoft/pylance-release#1150), maybe the problem will be solved.
Using Jupyter Notebook?If you wish to use pdm to install jupyter notebook and use it in vscode in conjunction with the python extension:
pdm add notebook or so to install notebook.env file inside of your project directory with contents like the following:PYTHONPATH=/your-workspace-path/__pypackages__/<major>.<minor>/lib\nIf the above still doesn't work, it's most likely because the environment variable is not properly loaded when the Notebook starts. There are two workarounds.
code . in Terminal. It will open a new VSCode window in the current directory with the path set correctly. Use the Jupyter Notebook in the new windowimport sys\nsys.path.append('/your-workspace-path/__pypackages__/<major>.<minor>/lib')\nReference Issue
PDM Task ProviderIn addition, there is a VSCode Task Provider extension available for download.
This makes it possible for VSCode to automatically detect pdm scripts so they can be run natively as VSCode Tasks.
"},{"location":"usage/pep582/#neovim","title":"Neovim","text":"If using neovim-lsp with pyright and want your __pypackages__ directory to be added to the path, you can add this to your project's pyproject.toml.
[tool.pyright]\nextraPaths = [\"__pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib/\"]\nYou have a few options, but basically you'll want to tell an LSP client to add __pypackages__ to the paths it looks at. Here are a few options that are available:
pyproject.toml and pyright","text":"Add this to your project's pyproject.toml:
[tool.pyright]\nextraPaths = [\"__pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib/\"]\nUsing pyright and eglot (included in Emacs 29), add the following to your config:
(defun get-pdm-packages-path ()\n\"For the current PDM project, find the path to the packages.\"\n(let ((packages-path (string-trim (shell-command-to-string \"pdm info --packages\"))))\n(concat packages-path \"/lib\")))\n\n(defun my/eglot-workspace-config (server)\n\"For the current PDM project, dynamically generate a python lsp config.\"\n`(:python\\.analysis (:extraPaths ,(vector (get-pdm-packages-path)))))\n\n(setq-default eglot-workspace-configuration #'my/eglot-workspace-config)\nYou'll want pyright installed either globally, or in your project (probably as a dev dependency). You can add this with, for example:
pdm add --dev --group devel pyright\nBelow is a sample code snippet showing how to make PDM work with lsp-python-ms in Emacs. Contributed by @linw1995.
;; TODO: Cache result\n(defun linw1995/pdm-get-python-executable (&optional dir)\n(let ((pdm-get-python-cmd \"pdm info --python\"))\n(string-trim\n(shell-command-to-string\n(if dir\n(concat \"cd \"\ndir\n\" && \"\npdm-get-python-cmd)\npdm-get-python-cmd)))))\n\n(defun linw1995/pdm-get-packages-path (&optional dir)\n(let ((pdm-get-packages-cmd \"pdm info --packages\"))\n(concat (string-trim\n(shell-command-to-string\n(if dir\n(concat \"cd \"\ndir\n\" && \"\npdm-get-packages-cmd)\npdm-get-packages-cmd)))\n\"/lib\")))\n\n(use-package lsp-python-ms\n:ensure t\n:init (setq lsp-python-ms-auto-install-server t)\n:hook (python-mode\n. (lambda ()\n(setq lsp-python-ms-python-executable (linw1995/pdm-get-python-executable))\n(setq lsp-python-ms-extra-paths (vector (linw1995/pdm-get-packages-path)))\n(require 'lsp-python-ms)\n(lsp)))) ; or lsp-deferred\nTo start with, create a new project with pdm init:
mkdir my-project && cd my-project\npdm init\nYou will need to answer a few questions, to help PDM to create a pyproject.toml file for you. For more usages of pdm init, please read Create your project from a template.
At first, you need to choose a Python interpreter from a list of Python versions installed on your machine. The interpreter path will be stored in .pdm-python and used by subsequent commands. You can also change it later with pdm use.
Alternatively, you can specify the Python interpreter path via PDM_PYTHON environment variable. When it is set, the path saved in .pdm-python will be ignored.
After you select the Python interpreter, PDM will ask you whether you want to create a virtual environment for the project. If you choose yes, PDM will create a virtual environment in the project root directory, and use it as the Python interpreter for the project.
If the selected Python interpreter is in a virtual environment, PDM will use it as the project environment and install dependencies into it. Otherwise, __pypackages__ will be created in the project root and dependencies will be installed into it.
For the difference between these two approaches, please refer to the corresponding sections in the docs:
__pypackages__(PEP 582)A library and an application differ in many ways. In short, a library is a package that is intended to be installed and used by other projects. In most cases it also needs to be uploaded to PyPI. An application, on the other hand, is one that is directly facing end users and may need to be deployed into some production environments.
In PDM, if you choose to create a library, PDM will add a name, version field to the pyproject.toml file, as well as a [build-system] table for the build backend, which is only useful if your project needs to be built and distributed. So you need to manually add these fields to pyproject.toml if you want to change the project from an application to a library. Also, a library project will be installed into the environment when you run pdm install or pdm sync, unless --no-self is specified.
requires-python value","text":"You need to set an appropriate requires-python value for your project. This is an important property that affects how dependencies are resolved. Basically, each package's requires-python must cover the project's requires-python range. For example, consider the following setup:
requires-python = \">=3.9\"foo: requires-python = \">=3.7,<3.11\"Resolving the dependencies will cause a ResolutionImpossible:
Unable to find a resolution because the following dependencies don't work\non all Python versions defined by the project's `requires-python`\nBecause the dependency's requires-python is >=3.7,<3.11, it doesn't cover the project's requires-python range of >=3.9. In other words, the project promises to work on Python 3.11 and above, but the dependency doesn't support it. Since PDM creates a cross-platform lockfile that should work on all Python versions within the requires-python range, it can't find a valid resolution. To fix this, you need add a maximum version to requires-python, like >=3.9,<3.11.
The value of requires-python is a version specifier as defined in PEP 440. Here are some examples:
requires-python Meaning >=3.7 Python 3.7 and above >=3.7,<3.11 Python 3.7, 3.8 and 3.10 >=3.6,!=3.8.*,!=3.9.* Python 3.6 and above, except 3.8 and 3.9"},{"location":"usage/project/#working-with-python-37","title":"Working with Python < 3.7","text":"Although PDM run on Python 3.7 and above, you can still have lower Python versions for your working project. But remember, if your project is a library, which needs to be built, published or installed, you make sure the PEP 517 build backend being used supports the lowest Python version you need. For instance, the default backend pdm-backend only works on Python 3.7+, so if you run pdm build on a project with Python 3.6, you will get an error. Most modern build backends have dropped the support for Python 3.6 and lower, so it is highly recommended to upgrade the Python version to 3.7+. Here are the supported Python range for some commonly used build backends, we only list those that support PEP 621 since otherwise PDM can't work with them.
pdm-backend >=3.7 Yes setuptools>=60 >=3.7 Experimental hatchling >=3.7 Yes flit-core>=3.4 >=3.6 Yes flit-core>=3.2,<3.4 >=3.4 Yes Note that if your project is an application (i.e. without the name metadata), the above limitation of backends does not apply. Therefore, if you don't need a build backend you can use any Python version >=2.7.
If you are already using other package manager tools like Pipenv or Poetry, it is easy to migrate to PDM. PDM provides import command so that you don't have to initialize the project manually, it now supports:
Pipfilepyproject.tomlpyproject.tomlrequirements.txt format used by pipsetup.py(It requires setuptools to be installed in the project environment. You can do this by configuring venv.with_pip to true for venv and pdm add setuptools for __pypackages__)Also, when you are executing pdm init or pdm install, PDM can auto-detect possible files to import if your PDM project has not been initialized yet.
Info
Converting a setup.py will execute the file with the project interpreter. Make sure setuptools is installed with the interpreter and the setup.py is trusted.
You must commit the pyproject.toml file. You should commit the pdm.lock and pdm.toml file. Do not commit the .pdm-python file.
The pyproject.toml file must be committed as it contains the project's build metadata and dependencies needed for PDM. It is also commonly used by other python tools for configuration. Read more about the pyproject.toml file at Pip documentation.
You should be committing the pdm.lock file, by doing so you ensure that all installers are using the same versions of dependencies. To learn how to update dependencies see update existing dependencies.
pdm.toml contains some project-wide configuration and it may be useful to commit it for sharing.
.pdm-python stores the Python path used by the current project and doesn't need to be shared.
$ pdm info\nPDM version:\n 2.0.0\nPython Interpreter:\n /opt/homebrew/opt/python@3.9/bin/python3.9 (3.9)\nProject Root:\n /Users/fming/wkspace/github/test-pdm\nProject Packages:\n /Users/fming/wkspace/github/test-pdm/__pypackages__/3.9\n\n# Show environment info\n$ pdm info --env\n{\n\"implementation_name\": \"cpython\",\n \"implementation_version\": \"3.8.0\",\n \"os_name\": \"nt\",\n \"platform_machine\": \"AMD64\",\n \"platform_release\": \"10\",\n \"platform_system\": \"Windows\",\n \"platform_version\": \"10.0.18362\",\n \"python_full_version\": \"3.8.0\",\n \"platform_python_implementation\": \"CPython\",\n \"python_version\": \"3.8\",\n \"sys_platform\": \"win32\"\n}\nThis command is useful for checking which mode is being used by the project:
None, virtualenv mode is enabled.Now, you have set up a new PDM project and get a pyproject.toml file. Refer to metadata section about how to write pyproject.toml properly.
If you are developing a library, after adding dependencies to your project, and finishing the coding, it's time to build and publish your package. It is as simple as one command:
pdm publish\nThis will automatically build a wheel and a source distribution(sdist), and upload them to the PyPI index.
To specify another repository other than PyPI, use the --repository option, the parameter can be either the upload URL or the name of the repository stored in the config file.
pdm publish --repository testpypi\npdm publish --repository https://test.pypi.org/legacy/\nYou can configure trusted publishers for PyPI so that you don't need to expose the PyPI tokens in the release workflow. To do this, follow the guide to add a publisher and write the GitHub Actions workflow as below:
jobs:\npypi-publish:\nname: upload release to PyPI\nruns-on: ubuntu-latest\npermissions:\n# IMPORTANT: this permission is mandatory for trusted publishing\nid-token: write\nsteps:\n- uses: actions/checkout@v3\n\n- uses: pdm-project/setup-pdm@v3\n\n- name: Publish package distributions to PyPI\nrun: pdm publish\nYou can also build the package and upload it in two steps, to allow you to inspect the built artifacts before uploading.
pdm build\nThere are many options to control the build process, depending on the backend used. Refer to the build configuration section for more details.
The artifacts will be created at dist/ and able to upload to PyPI.
pdm publish --no-build\nLike npm run, with PDM, you can run arbitrary scripts or commands with local packages loaded.
pdm run flask run -p 54321\nIt will run flask run -p 54321 in the environment that is aware of packages in your project environment.
PDM also supports custom script shortcuts in the optional [tool.pdm.scripts] section of pyproject.toml.
You can then run pdm run <script_name> to invoke the script in the context of your PDM project. For example:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nstart = \"flask run -p 54321\"\nAnd then in your terminal:
$ pdm run start\nFlask server started at http://127.0.0.1:54321\nAny following arguments will be appended to the command:
$ pdm run start -h 0.0.0.0\nFlask server started at http://0.0.0.0:54321\nYarn-like script shortcuts
There is a builtin shortcut making all scripts available as root commands as long as the script does not conflict with any builtin or plugin-contributed command. Said otherwise, if you have a start script, you can run both pdm run start and pdm start. But if you have an install script, only pdm run install will run it, pdm install will still run the builtin install command.
PDM supports 4 types of scripts:
"},{"location":"usage/scripts/#cmd","title":"cmd","text":"Plain text scripts are regarded as normal command, or you can explicitly specify it:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nstart = {cmd = \"flask run -p 54321\"}\nIn some cases, such as when wanting to add comments between parameters, it might be more convenient to specify the command as an array instead of a string:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nstart = {cmd = [\n\"flask\",\n\"run\",\n# Important comment here about always using port 54321\n\"-p\", \"54321\"\n]}\nshell","text":"Shell scripts can be used to run more shell-specific tasks, such as pipeline and output redirecting. This is basically run via subprocess.Popen() with shell=True:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nfilter_error = {shell = \"cat error.log|grep CRITICAL > critical.log\"}\ncall","text":"The script can be also defined as calling a python function in the form <module_name>:<func_name>:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nfoobar = {call = \"foo_package.bar_module:main\"}\nThe function can be supplied with literal arguments:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nfoobar = {call = \"foo_package.bar_module:main('dev')\"}\ncomposite","text":"This script kind execute other defined scripts:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nlint = \"flake8\"\ntest = \"pytest\"\nall = {composite = [\"lint\", \"test\"]}\nRunning pdm run all will run lint first and then test if lint succeeded.
You can also provide arguments to the called scripts:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nlint = \"flake8\"\ntest = \"pytest\"\nall = {composite = [\"lint mypackage/\", \"test -v tests/\"]}\nNote
Argument passed on the command line are given to each called task.
"},{"location":"usage/scripts/#script-options","title":"Script Options","text":""},{"location":"usage/scripts/#env","title":"env","text":"All environment variables set in the current shell can be seen by pdm run and will be expanded when executed. Besides, you can also define some fixed environment variables in your pyproject.toml:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nstart.cmd = \"flask run -p 54321\"\nstart.env = {FOO = \"bar\", FLASK_ENV = \"development\"}\nNote how we use TOML's syntax to define a composite dictionary.
Note
Environment variables specified on a composite task level will override those defined by called tasks.
"},{"location":"usage/scripts/#env_file","title":"env_file","text":"You can also store all environment variables in a dotenv file and let PDM read it:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nstart.cmd = \"flask run -p 54321\"\nstart.env_file = \".env\"\nThe variables within the dotenv file will not override any existing environment variables. If you want the dotenv file to override existing environment variables use the following:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\nstart.cmd = \"flask run -p 54321\"\nstart.env_file.override = \".env\"\nNote
A dotenv file specified on a composite task level will override those defined by called tasks.
"},{"location":"usage/scripts/#site_packages","title":"site_packages","text":"To make sure the running environment is properly isolated from the outer Python interpreter, site-packages from the selected interpreter WON'T be loaded into sys.path, unless any of the following conditions holds:
PATH but not inside the __pypackages__ folder.-s/--site-packages flag is following pdm run.site_packages = true is in either the script table or the global setting key _.Note that site-packages will always be loaded if running with PEP 582 enabled(without the pdm run prefix).
If you want the options to be shared by all tasks run by pdm run, you can write them under a special key _ in [tool.pdm.scripts] table:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\n_.env_file = \".env\"\nstart = \"flask run -p 54321\"\nmigrate_db = \"flask db upgrade\"\nBesides, inside the tasks, PDM_PROJECT_ROOT environment variable will be set to the project root.
By default, all user provided extra arguments are simply appended to the command (or to all the commands for composite tasks).
If you want more control over the user provided extra arguments, you can use the {args} placeholder. It is available for all script types and will be interpolated properly for each:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\ncmd = \"echo '--before {args} --after'\"\nshell = {shell = \"echo '--before {args} --after'\"}\ncomposite = {composite = [\"cmd --something\", \"shell {args}\"]}\nwill produce the following interpolations (those are not real scripts, just here to illustrate the interpolation):
$ pdm run cmd --user --provided\n--before --user --provided --after\n$ pdm run cmd\n--before --after\n$ pdm run shell --user --provided\n--before --user --provided --after\n$ pdm run shell\n--before --after\n$ pdm run composite --user --provided\ncmd --something\nshell --before --user --provided --after\n$ pdm run composite\ncmd --something\nshell --before --after\nYou may optionally provide default values that will be used if no user arguments are provided:
[tool.pdm.scripts]\ntest = \"echo '--before {args:--default --value} --after'\"\nwill produce the following:
$ pdm run test --user --provided\n--before --user --provided --after\n$ pdm run test\n--before --default --value --after\nNote
As soon a placeholder is detected, arguments are not appended anymore. This is important for composite scripts because if a placeholder is detected on one of the subtasks, none for the subtasks will have the arguments appended, you need to explicitly pass the placeholder to every nested command requiring it.
Note
call scripts don't support the {args} placeholder as they have access to sys.argv directly to handle such complexe cases and more.
Use pdm run --list/-l to show the list of available script shortcuts:
$ pdm run --list\n\u256d\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u256e\n\u2502 Name \u2502 Type \u2502 Description \u2502\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524\n\u2502 test_cmd \u2502 cmd \u2502 flask db upgrade \u2502\n\u2502 test_script \u2502 call \u2502 call a python function \u2502\n\u2502 test_shell \u2502 shell \u2502 shell command \u2502\n\u2570\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u256f\nYou can add an help option with the description of the script, and it will be displayed in the Description column in the above output.
Note
Tasks with a name starting with an underscore (_) are considered internal (helpers...) and are not shown in the listing.
Like npm, PDM also supports tasks composition by pre and post scripts, pre script will be run before the given task and post script will be run after.
[tool.pdm.scripts]\npre_compress = \"{{ Run BEFORE the `compress` script }}\"\ncompress = \"tar czvf compressed.tar.gz data/\"\npost_compress = \"{{ Run AFTER the `compress` script }}\"\nIn this example, pdm run compress will run all these 3 scripts sequentially.
The pipeline fails fast
In a pipeline of pre - self - post scripts, a failure will cancel the subsequent execution.
"},{"location":"usage/scripts/#hook-scripts","title":"Hook Scripts","text":"Under certain situations PDM will look for some special hook scripts for execution:
post_init: Run after pdm initpre_install: Run before installing packagespost_install: Run after packages are installedpre_lock: Run before dependency resolutionpost_lock: Run after dependency resolutionpre_build: Run before building distributionspost_build: Run after distributions are builtpre_publish: Run before publishing distributionspost_publish: Run after distributions are publishedpre_script: Run before any scriptpost_script: Run after any scriptpre_run: Run once before run script invocationpost_run: Run once after run script invocationNote
Pre & post scripts can't receive any arguments.
Avoid name conflicts
If there exists an install scripts under [tool.pdm.scripts] table, pre_install scripts can be triggered by both pdm install and pdm run install. So it is recommended to not use the preserved names.
Note
Composite tasks can also have pre and post scripts. Called tasks will run their own pre and post scripts.
"},{"location":"usage/scripts/#skipping-scripts","title":"Skipping scripts","text":"Because, sometimes it is desirable to run a script but without its hooks or pre and post scripts, there is a --skip=:all which will disable all hooks, pre and post. There is also --skip=:pre and --skip=:post allowing to respectively skip all pre_* hooks and all post_* hooks.
It is also possible to need a pre script but not the post one, or to need all tasks from a composite tasks except one. For those use cases, there is a finer grained --skip parameter accepting a list of tasks or hooks name to exclude.
pdm run --skip pre_task1,task2 my-composite\nThis command will run the my-composite task and skip the pre_task1 hook as well as the task2 and its hooks.
You can also provide you skip list in PDM_SKIP_HOOKS environment variable but it will be overridden as soon as the --skip parameter is provided.
There is more details on hooks and pre/post scripts behavior on the dedicated hooks page.
"},{"location":"usage/template/","title":"Create Project From a Template","text":"Similar to yarn create and npm create, PDM also supports initializing or creating a project from a template. The template is given as a positional argument of pdm init, in one of the following forms:
pdm init flask - Initialize the project from the template https://github.com/pdm-project/template-flaskpdm init https://github.com/frostming/pdm-template-flask - Initialize the project from a Git URL. Both HTTPS and SSH URL are acceptable.pdm init django@v2 - To check out the specific branch or tag. Full Git URL also supports it.pdm init /path/to/template - Initialize the project from a template directory on local filesystem.And pdm init will use the default template built in.
The project will be initialized at the current directory, existing files with the same name will be overwritten. You can also use the -p <path> option to create a project at a new path.
According to the first form of the template argument, pdm init <name> will refer to the template repository located at https://github.com/pdm-project/template-<name>. To contribute a template, you can create a template repository and establish a request to transfer the ownership to pdm-project organization(it can be found at the bottom of the repository settings page). The administrators of the organization will review the request and complete the subsequent steps. You will be added as the repository maintainer if the transfer is accepted.
A template repository must be a pyproject-based project, which contains a pyproject.toml file with PEP-621 compliant metadata. No other special config files are required.
On initialization, the project name in the template will be replaced by the name of the new project. This is done by a recursive full-text search and replace. The import name, which is derived from the project name by replacing all non-alphanumeric characters with underscores and lowercasing, will also be replaced in the same way.
For example, if the project name is foo-project in the template and you want to initialize a new project named bar-project, the following replacements will be made:
foo-project -> bar-project in all .md files and .rst filesfoo_project -> bar_project in all .py filesfoo_project -> bar_project in the directory namefoo_project.py -> bar_project.py in the file nameTherefore, we don't support name replacement if the import name isn't derived from the project name.
"},{"location":"usage/template/#use-other-project-generators","title":"Use other project generators","text":"If you are seeking for a more powerful project generator, you can use cookiecutter via --cookiecutter option and copier via --copier option.
You need to install cookiecutter and copier respectively to use them. You can do this by running pdm self add <package>. To use them:
pdm init --cookiecutter gh:cjolowicz/cookiecutter-hypermodern-python\n# or\npdm init --copier gh:pawamoy/copier-pdm --UNSAFE\nWhen you run pdm init command, PDM will ask for the Python interpreter to use in the project, which is the base interpreter to install dependencies and run tasks.
Compared to PEP 582, virtual environments are considered more mature and have better support in the Python ecosystem as well as IDEs. Therefore, virtualenv is the default mode if not configured otherwise.
Virtual environments will be used if the project interpreter (the interpreter stored in .pdm-python, which can be checked by pdm info) is from a virtualenv.
By default, PDM prefers to use the virtualenv layout as other package managers do. When you run pdm install the first time on a new PDM-managed project, whose Python interpreter is not decided yet, PDM will create a virtualenv in <project_root>/.venv, and install dependencies into it. In the interactive session of pdm init, PDM will also ask to create a virtualenv for you.
You can choose the backend used by PDM to create a virtualenv. Currently it supports three backends:
virtualenv(default)venvcondaYou can change it by pdm config venv.backend [virtualenv|venv|conda].
You can create more than one virtualenvs with whatever Python version you want.
# Create a virtualenv based on 3.8 interpreter\n$ pdm venv create 3.8\n# Assign a different name other than the version string\n$ pdm venv create --name for-test 3.8\n# Use venv as the backend to create, support 3 backends: virtualenv(default), venv, conda\n$ pdm venv create --with venv 3.9\nIf no --name is given, PDM will create the venv in <project_root>/.venv. Otherwise, virtualenvs go to the location specified by the venv.location configuration. They are named as <project_name>-<path_hash>-<name_or_python_version> to avoid name collision. You can disable the in-project virtualenv creation by pdm config venv.in_project false. And all virtualenvs will be created under venv.location.
You can tell PDM to use a virtualenv you created in preceding steps, with pdm use:
pdm use -f /path/to/venv\nWhen no interpreter is stored in the project config or PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON env var is set, PDM will try to detect possible virtualenvs to use:
venv, env, .venv directories in the project rootPDM_IGNORE_ACTIVE_VENV is set$ pdm venv list\nVirtualenvs created with this project:\n\n- 3.8.6: C:\\Users\\Frost Ming\\AppData\\Local\\pdm\\pdm\\venvs\\test-project-8Sgn_62n-3.8.6\n- for-test: C:\\Users\\Frost Ming\\AppData\\Local\\pdm\\pdm\\venvs\\test-project-8Sgn_62n-for-test\n- 3.9.1: C:\\Users\\Frost Ming\\AppData\\Local\\pdm\\pdm\\venvs\\test-project-8Sgn_62n-3.9.1\n$ pdm venv --path for-test\n$ pdm venv --python for-test\n$ pdm venv remove for-test\nVirtualenvs created with this project:\nWill remove: C:\\Users\\Frost Ming\\AppData\\Local\\pdm\\pdm\\venvs\\test-project-8Sgn_62n-for-test, continue? [y/N]:y\nRemoved C:\\Users\\Frost Ming\\AppData\\Local\\pdm\\pdm\\venvs\\test-project-8Sgn_62n-for-test\nInstead of spawning a subshell like what pipenv and poetry do, pdm venv doesn't create the shell for you but print the activate command to the console. In this way you won't leave the current shell. You can then feed the output to eval to activate the virtualenv:
$ eval $(pdm venv activate for-test)\n(test-project-for-test) $ # Virtualenv entered\n$ eval (pdm venv activate for-test)\nPS1> Invoke-Expression (pdm venv activate for-test)\nAdditionally, if the project interpreter is a venv Python, you can omit the name argument following activate.
Note
venv activate does not switch the Python interpreter used by the project. It only changes the shell by injecting the virtualenv paths to environment variables. For the forementioned purpose, use the pdm use command.
For more CLI usage, see the pdm venv documentation.
Looking for pdm shell?
PDM doesn't provide a shell command because many fancy shell functions may not work perfectly in a subshell, which brings a maintenance burden to support all the corner cases. However, you can still gain the ability via the following ways:
pdm run $SHELL, this will spawn a subshell with the environment variables set properly. The subshell can be quit with exit or Ctrl+D.pdm() {\nlocal command=$1\n\nif [[ \"$command\" == \"shell\" ]]; then\neval $(pdm venv activate)\nelse\ncommand pdm $@\nfi\n}\nCopy and paste this function to your ~/.bashrc file and restart your shell. Now you can run pdm shell to activate the virtualenv. The virtualenv can be deactivated with deactivate command as usual.
By default when you activate a virtualenv, the prompt will show: {project_name}-{python_version}.
For example if your project is named test-project:
$ eval $(pdm venv activate for-test)\n(test-project-3.10) $ # {project_name} == test-project and {python_version} == 3.10\nThe format can be customized before virtualenv creation with the venv.prompt configuration or PDM_VENV_PROMPT environment variable (before a pdm init or pdm venv create). Available variables are:
project_name: name of your projectpython_version: version of Python (used by the virtualenv)$ PDM_VENV_PROMPT='{project_name}-py{python_version}' pdm venv create --name test-prompt\n$ eval $(pdm venv activate test-prompt)\n(test-project-py3.10) $\n# Run a script\n$ pdm run --venv test test\n# Install packages\n$ pdm sync --venv test\n# List the packages installed\n$ pdm list --venv test\nThere are other commands supporting --venv flag or PDM_IN_VENV environment variable, see the CLI reference. You should create the virtualenv with pdm venv create --name <name> before using this feature.
By default, if you use pdm use and select a non-venv Python, the project will be switched to PEP 582 mode. We also allow you to switch to a named virtual environment via the --venv flag:
# Switch to a virtualenv named test\n$ pdm use --venv test\n# Switch to the in-project venv located at $PROJECT_ROOT/.venv\n$ pdm use --venv in-project\nYou can disable the auto-creation and auto-detection for virtualenv by pdm config python.use_venv false. If venv is disabled, PEP 582 mode will always be used even if the selected interpreter is from a virtualenv.
By default PDM will not include pip in virtual environments. This increases isolation by ensuring that only your dependencies are installed in the virtual environment.
To install pip once (if for example you want to install arbitrary dependencies in CI) you can run:
# Install pip in the virtual environment\n$ pdm run python -m ensurepip\n# Install arbitrary dependencies\n# These dependencies are not checked for conflicts against lockfile dependencies!\n$ pdm run python -m pip install coverage\nOr you can create the virtual environment with --with-pip:
$ pdm venv create --with-pip 3.9\nSee the ensurepip docs for more details on ensurepip.
If you want to permanently configure PDM to include pip in virtual environments you can use the venv.with_pip configuration.
Tox is a great tool for testing against multiple Python versions or dependency sets.
-You can configure a tox.ini like the following to integrate your testing with PDM:
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 | |
To use the virtualenv created by Tox, you should make sure you have set pdm config python.use_venv true. PDM then will install
-dependencies from pdm lock into the virtualenv. In the dedicated venv you can directly run tools by pytest tests/ instead
-of pdm run pytest tests/.
You should also make sure you don't run pdm add/pdm remove/pdm update/pdm lock in the test commands, otherwise the pdm lock
-file will be modified unexpectedly. Additional dependencies can be supplied with the deps config. Besides, isolated_build and passenv
-config should be set as the above example to make PDM work properly.
To get rid of these constraints, there is a Tox plugin tox-pdm which can ease the usage. You can install it by
-1 | |
Or,
-1 | |
And you can make the tox.ini much tidier as following, :
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 | |
See the project's README for a detailed guidance.
-Nox is another great tool for automated testing. Unlike tox, Nox uses a standard Python file for configuration.
-It is much easier to use PDM in Nox, here is an example of noxfile.py:
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 | |
Note that PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON should be set so that PDM can pick up the Python in the virtualenv correctly. Also make sure pdm is available in the PATH.
-Before running nox, you should also ensure configuration item python.use_venv is true to enable venv reusing.
__pypackages__ directory#By default, if you run tools by pdm run, __pypackages__ will be seen by the program and all subprocesses created by it. This means virtual environments created by those tools are also aware of the packages inside __pypackages__, which result in unexpected behavior in some cases.
-For nox, you can avoid this by adding a line in noxfile.py:
1 | |
For tox, PYTHONPATH will not be passed to the test sessions so this isn't going to be a problem. Moreover, it is recommended to make nox and tox live in their own pipx environments so you don't need to install for every project. In this case, PEP 582 packages will not be a problem either.
Only one thing to keep in mind -- PDM can't be installed on Python < 3.7, so if your project is to be tested on those Python versions, -you have to make sure PDM is installed on the correct Python version, which can be different from the target Python version the particular job/task is run on.
-Fortunately, if you are using GitHub Action, there is pdm-project/setup-pdm to make this process easier. -Here is an example workflow of GitHub Actions, while you can adapt it for other CI platforms.
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 | |
TIPS
-For GitHub Action users, there is a known compatibility issue on Ubuntu virtual environment.
-If PDM parallel install is failed on that machine you should either set parallel_install to false or set env LD_PRELOAD=/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1.
-It is already handled by the pdm-project/setup-pdm action.
Note
-If your CI scripts run without a proper user set, you might get permission errors when PDM tries to create its cache directory. -To work around this, you can set the HOME environment variable yourself, to a writable directory, for example:
-1 | |
It is possible to use PDM in a multi-stage Dockerfile to first install the project and dependencies into __pypackages__
-and then copy this folder into the final stage, adding it to PYTHONPATH.
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -24 -25 -26 -27 -28 | |
With PDM, you can have multiple sub-packages within a single project, each with its own pyproject.toml file. And you can create only one pdm.lock file to lock all dependencies. The sub-packages can have each other as their dependencies. To achieve this, follow these steps:
project/pyproject.toml:
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packages/foo-cli/pyproject.toml:
1 -2 | |
packages/foo-app/pyproject.toml:
1 -2 | |
Now, run pdm install in the project root, and you will get a pdm.lock with all dependencies locked. All sub-packages will be installed in editable mode.
Look at the 🚀 Example repository for more details.
-pre-commit#pre-commit is a powerful framework for managing git hooks in a centralized fashion. PDM already uses pre-commit hooks for its internal QA checks. PDM exposes also several hooks that can be run locally or in CI pipelines.
requirements.txt or setup.py#This hook wraps the command pdm export along with any valid argument. It can be used as a hook (e.g., for CI) to ensure that you are going to check in the codebase a requirements.txt or a setup.py file, which reflects the actual content of pdm lock.
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 | |
pdm.lock is up to date with pyproject.toml#This hook wraps the command pdm lock --check along with any valid argument. It can be used as a hook (e.g., for CI) to ensure that whenever pyproject.toml has a dependency added/changed/removed, that pdm.lock is also up to date.
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
PDM's config command works just like git config, except that --list isn't needed to
-show configurations.
Show the current configurations:
-1 | |
Get one single configuration:
-1 | |
Change a configuration value and store in home configuration:
-1 | |
By default, the configuration are changed globally, if you want to make the config seen by this project only, add a --local flag:
1 | |
Any local configurations will be stored in pdm.toml under the project root directory.
The configuration files are searched in the following order:
-<PROJECT_ROOT>/pdm.toml - The project configuration<CONFIG_ROOT>/config.toml - The home configuration<SITE_CONFIG_ROOT>/config.toml - The site configurationwhere <CONFIG_ROOT> is:
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/pdm (~/.config/pdm in most cases) on Linux as defined by XDG Base Directory Specification~/Library/Application Support/pdm on macOS as defined by Apple File System Basics%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\pdm on Windows as defined in Known foldersand <SITE_CONFIG_ROOT> is:
$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/pdm (/etc/xdg/pdm in most cases) on Linux as defined by XDG Base Directory Specification/Library/Application Support/pdm on macOS as defined by Apple File System BasicsC:\ProgramData\pdm\pdm on Windows as defined in Known foldersIf -g/--global option is used, the first item will be replaced by <CONFIG_ROOT>/global-project/pdm.toml.
You can find all available configuration items in Configuration Page.
-By default, PDM will try to find Python interpreters in the following sources:
-venv: The PDM virtualenv locationpath: The PATH environment variablepyenv: The pyenv install rootrye: The rye toolchain install rootasdf: The asdf python install rootwinreg: The Windows registryYou can unselect some of them or change the order by setting python.providers config key:
1 -2 | |
By default, pdm's dependency resolver will ignore prereleases unless there are no stable versions for the given version range of a dependency. This behavior can be changed by setting allow_prereleases to true in [tool.pdm] table:
1 -2 | |
You can tell PDM where to to find the packages by either specifying sources in the pyproject.toml or via pypi.* configurations.
Add sources in pyproject.toml:
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
Change the default index via pdm config:
1 | |
Add extra indexes via pdm config:
1 | |
The available configuration options are:
-url: The URL of the indexverify_ssl: (Optional)Whether to verify SSL certificates, default to trueusername: (Optional)The username for the indexpassword: (Optional)The password for the indextype: (Optional) index or find_links, default to indexBy default, all sources are PEP 503 style "indexes" like pip's --index-url and --extra-index-url, however, you can set the type to find_links which contains files or links to be looked for directly. See this answer for the difference between the two types.
These configurations are read in the following order to build the final source list:
-pypi.url, if pypi doesn't appear in the name field of any source in pyproject.tomlpyproject.tomlpypi.<name>.url in PDM config.You can set pypi.ignore_stored_index to true to disable all indexes from the PDM config and only use those specified in pyproject.toml.
Disable the default PyPI index
-If you want to omit the default PyPI index, just set the source name to pypi and that source will replace it.
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
pyproject.toml or configWhen you want to share the indexes with other people who are going to use the project, you should add them in pyproject.toml. For example, some packages only exist in a private index and can't be installed if someone doesn't configure the index.
-Otherwise, store them in the local config which won't be seen by others.
By default, all sources are considered equal, packages from them are sorted by the version and wheel tags, the most matching one with the highest version is selected.
-In some cases you may want to return packages from the preferred source, and search for others if they are missing from the former source. PDM supports this by reading the configuration respect-source-order:
1 -2 | |
You can bind packages to specific sources with include_packages and exclude_packages config under tool.pdm.source table.
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
With the above configuration, any package matching foo or foo-* will only be searched from the private index, and any package matching bar-* will be searched from all indexes except private.
Both include_packages and exclude_packages are optional and accept a list of glob patterns, and include_packages takes effect exclusively when the pattern matches.
You can specify credentials in the URL with ${ENV_VAR} variable expansion and these variables will be read from the environment variables:
1 -2 -3 | |
You can use a custom CA bundle or client certificate for HTTPS requests. It can be configured for both indexes(for package download) and repositories(for upload):
-1 -2 | |
Besides, it is possible to use the system trust store, instead of the bundled certifi certificates for verifying HTTPS certificates. This approach will typically support corporate proxy certificates without additional configuration.
-To use truststore, you need Python 3.10 or newer and install truststore into the same environment as PDM:
1 | |
Index configurations are merged with the name field of [[tool.pdm.source]] table or pypi.<name> key in the config file.
-This enables you to store the url and credentials separately, to avoid secrets being exposed in the source control.
-For example, if you have the following configuration:
1 -2 -3 | |
You can store the credentials in the config file:
-1 -2 | |
PDM can retrieve the configurations for private index from both places.
If the index requires a username and password, but they can't be found from the environment variables nor config file, PDM will prompt you to enter them. Or, if keyring is installed, it will be used as the credential store. PDM can use the keyring from either the installed package or the CLI.
If a package is required by many projects on the system, each project has to keep its own copy. This can be a waste of disk space, especially for data science and machine learning projects.
-PDM supports caching installations of the same wheel by installing it in a centralized package repository and linking to that installation in different projects. To enable it, run:
-1 | |
It can be enabled on a per-project basis by adding the --local option to the command.
The caches are located in $(pdm config cache_dir)/packages. You can view the cache usage with pdm cache info. Note that the cached installs are managed automatically -- they will be deleted if they are not linked to any projects. Manually deleting the caches from disk may break some projects on the system.
Note
-Only the installation of named requirements resolved from PyPI can be cached.
-When using the pdm publish command, it reads the repository secrets from the global config file(<CONFIG_ROOT>/config.toml). The content of the config is as follows:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 | |
Alternatively, these credentials can be provided with env vars:
-1 -2 -3 -4 | |
A PEM-encoded Certificate Authority bundle (ca_certs) can be used for local / custom PyPI repositories where the server certificate is not signed by the standard certifi CA bundle.
Note
-Repositories are different from indexes in the previous section. Repositories are for publishing while indexes are for locking -and resolving. They don't share the configuration.
-Tip
-You don't need to configure the url for pypi and testpypi repositories, they are filled by default values.
-The username, password, and certificate authority bundle can be passed in from the command line for pdm publish via --username, --password, and --ca-certs, respectively.
To change the repository config from the command line, use the pdm config command:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
When keyring is available and supported, the passwords will be stored to and retrieved from the keyring instead of writing to the config file. This supports both indexes and upload repositories. The service name will be pdm-pypi-<name> for an index and pdm-repository-<name> for a repository.
You can enable keyring by either installing keyring into the same environment as PDM or installing globally. To add keyring to the PDM environment:
1 | |
Alternatively, if you have installed a copy of keyring globally, make sure the CLI is exposed in the PATH env var to make it discoverable by PDM:
1 | |
New in version 1.12.0
-Sometimes you can't get a dependency resolution due to incorrect version ranges set by upstream libraries that you can't fix. -In this case you can use PDM's overrides feature to force a specific version of a package to be installed.
-Given the following configuration in pyproject.toml:
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
Each entry of that table is a package name with the wanted version. -In this example, PDM will resolve the above packages into the given versions no matter whether there is any other resolution available.
-Warning
-By using [tool.pdm.resolution.overrides] setting, you are at your own risk of any incompatibilities from that resolution. It can only be used if there is no valid resolution for your requirements and you know the specific version works.
-Most of the time, you can just add any transient constraints to the dependencies array.
New in version 2.7.0
-You can add extra options passed to individual pdm commands by tool.pdm.options configuration:
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
These options will be added right after the command name. For instance, based on the configuration above,
-pdm add requests is equivalent to pdm add --no-isolation --no-self requests.
New in version 2.10.0
-You may see some warnings when resolving dependencies like this:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
This is because the supported range of Python versions of the package doesn't cover the requires-python value specified in the pyproject.toml.
-You can ignore these warnings in a per-package basis by adding the following config:
1 -2 | |
Where each item is a case-insensitive glob pattern to match the package name.
- - - - - - - - -PDM provides a bunch of handful commands to help manage your project and dependencies. -The following examples are run on Ubuntu 18.04, a few changes must be done if you are using Windows.
-pdm add can be followed by one or several dependencies, and the dependency specification is described in PEP 508.
Examples:
-1 -2 -3 -4 | |
PDM also allows extra dependency groups by providing -G/--group <name> option, and those dependencies will go to
-[project.optional-dependencies.<name>] table in the project file, respectively.
You can reference other optional groups in optional-dependencies, even before the package is uploaded:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 | |
After that, dependencies and sub-dependencies will be resolved properly and installed for you, you can view pdm.lock to see the resolved result of all dependencies.
Local packages can be added with their paths. The path can be a file or a directory:
-1 -2 | |
The paths MUST start with a ., otherwise it will be recognized as a normal named requirement. The local dependencies will be written to the pyproject.toml file with the URL format:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 | |
If you are using hatchling instead of the pdm backend, the URLs would be as follows:
1 -2 | |
PDM also supports downloading and installing packages directly from a web address.
-Examples:
-1 -2 -3 -4 | |
You can also install from a git repository url or other version control systems. The following are supported:
-githgsvnbzrThe URL should be like: {vcs}+{url}@{rev}
Examples:
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 | |
You can hide the credentials in the URL by using the ${ENV_VAR} variable syntax:
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
These variables will be read from the environment variables when installing the project.
-New in 1.5.0
-PDM also supports defining groups of dependencies that are useful for development,
-e.g. some for testing and others for linting. We usually don't want these dependencies appear in the distribution's metadata
-so using optional-dependencies is probably not a good idea. We can define them as development dependencies:
1 | |
This will result in a pyproject.toml as following:
-1 -2 | |
You can have several groups of development only dependencies. Unlike optional-dependencies, they won't appear in the package distribution metadata such as PKG-INFO or METADATA.
-The package index won't be aware of these dependencies. The schema is similar to that of optional-dependencies, except that it is in tool.pdm table.
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 | |
-d or --dev is specified, dependencies will go to dev group under [tool.pdm.dev-dependencies] by default.
-Note
-The same group name MUST NOT appear in both [tool.pdm.dev-dependencies] and [project.optional-dependencies].
Local directories and VCS dependencies can be installed in editable mode. If you are familiar with pip, it is just like pip install -e <package>. Editable packages are allowed only in development dependencies:
Note
-Editable installs are only allowed in the dev dependency group. Other groups, including the default, will fail with a [PdmUsageError].
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 | |
If the package is given without a version specifier like pdm add requests. PDM provides three different behaviors of what version
-specifier is saved for the dependency, which is given by --save-<strategy>(Assume 2.21.0 is the latest version that can be found
-for the dependency):
minimum: Save the minimum version specifier: >=2.21.0 (default).compatible: Save the compatible version specifier: >=2.21.0,<3.0.0.exact: Save the exact version specifier: ==2.21.0.wildcard: Don't constrain version and leave the specifier to be wildcard: *.One can give --pre/--prerelease option to pdm add so that prereleases are allowed to be pinned for the given packages.
To update all dependencies in the lock file:
-1 | |
To update the specified package(s):
-1 | |
To update multiple groups of dependencies:
-1 | |
Or using comma-separated list:
-1 | |
To update a given package in the specified group:
-1 | |
If the group is not given, PDM will search for the requirement in the default dependencies set and raises an error if none is found.
-To update packages in development dependencies:
-1 -2 -3 -4 | |
Similarly, PDM also provides 3 different behaviors of updating dependencies and sub-dependencies，
-which is given by --update-<strategy> option:
reuse: Keep all locked dependencies except for those given in the command line (default).eager: Try to lock a newer version of the packages in command line and their recursive sub-dependencies and keep other dependencies as they are.all: Update all dependencies and sub-dependencies.One can give -u/--unconstrained to tell PDM to ignore the version specifiers in the pyproject.toml.
-This works similarly to the yarn upgrade -L/--latest command. Besides, pdm update also supports the
---pre/--prerelease option.
To remove existing dependencies from project file and the library directory:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 | |
There are a few similar commands to do this job with slight differences:
-pdm sync installs packages from the lock file.pdm update will update the lock file, then sync.pdm install will check the project file for changes, update the lock file if needed, then sync.sync also has a few options to manage installed packages:
--clean: will remove packages no longer in the lockfile--only-keep: only selected packages (using options like -G or --prod) will be kept.You can specify another lockfile than the default pdm lock by using the -L/--lockfile <filepath> option or the PDM_LOCKFILE environment variable.
Say we have a project with following dependencies:
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 | |
| Command | -What it does | -Comments | -
|---|---|---|
pdm install |
-install all groups locked in the lockfile | -- |
pdm install -G extra1 |
-install prod deps, dev deps, and "extra1" optional group | -- |
pdm install -G dev1 |
-install prod deps and only "dev1" dev group | -- |
pdm install -G:all |
-install prod deps, dev deps and "extra1", "extra2" optional groups | -- |
pdm install -G extra1 -G dev1 |
-install prod deps, "extra1" optional group and only "dev1" dev group | -- |
pdm install --prod |
-install prod only | -- |
pdm install --prod -G extra1 |
-install prod deps and "extra1" optional | -- |
pdm install --prod -G dev1 |
-Fail, --prod can't be given with dev dependencies |
-Leave the --prod option |
-
All development dependencies are included as long as --prod is not passed and -G doesn't specify any dev groups.
Besides, if you don't want the root project to be installed, add --no-self option, and --no-editable can be used when you want all packages to be installed in non-editable versions.
You may also use the pdm lock command with these options to lock only the specified groups, which will be recorded in the [metadata] table of the lock file. If no --group/--prod/--dev/--no-default option is specified, pdm sync and pdm update will operate using the groups in the lockfile. However, if any groups that are not included in the lockfile are given as arguments to the commands, PDM will raise an error.
This feature is especially valuable when managing multiple lockfiles, where each may have different versions of the same package pinned. To switch between lockfiles, you can use the --lockfile/-L option.
For a realistic example, your project depends on a release version of werkzeug and you may want to work with a local in-development copy of it when developing. You can add the following to your pyproject.toml:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 | |
Then, run pdm lock with different options to generate lockfiles for different purposes:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 | |
Check the metadata.groups field in the lockfile to see which groups are included.
Currently, we support three flags to control the locking behavior: cross_platform, static_urls and direct_minimal_versions, with the meanings as follows.
-You can pass one or more flags to pdm lock by --strategy/-S option, either by giving a comma-separated list or by passing the option multiple times.
-Both of these commands function in the same way:
1 -2 | |
The flags will be encoded in the lockfile and get read when you run pdm lock next time. But you can disable flags by prefixing the flag name with no_:
1 | |
This command makes the lockfile not cross-platform.
-New in version 2.6.0
-By default, the generated lockfile is cross-platform, which means the current platform isn't taken into account when resolving the dependencies. The result lockfile will contain wheels and dependencies for all possible platforms and Python versions.
-However, sometimes this will result in a wrong lockfile when a release doesn't contain all wheels. To avoid this, you can tell PDM
-to create a lockfile that works for this platform only, trimming the wheels not relevant to the current platform. This can be done by passing the --strategy no_cross_platform option to pdm lock:
1 | |
New in version 2.8.0
-By default, PDM only stores the filenames of the packages in the lockfile, which benefits the reusability across different package indexes.
-However, if you want to store the static URLs of the packages in the lockfile, you can pass the --strategy static_urls option to pdm lock:
1 | |
The settings will be saved and remembered for the same lockfile. You can also pass --strategy no_static_urls to disable it.
New in version 2.10.0
-When it is enabled by passing --strategy direct_minimal_versions, dependencies specified in the pyproject.toml will be resolved to the minimal versions available, rather than the latest versions. This is useful when you want to test the compatibility of your project within a range of dependency versions.
For example, if you specified flask>=2.0 in the pyproject.toml, flask will be resolved to version 2.0.0 if there is no other compatibility issue.
Note
-Version constraints in package dependencies are not future-proof. If you resolve the dependencies to the minimal versions, there will likely be backwards-compatibility issues.
-For example, flask==2.0.0 requires werkzeug>=2.0, but in fact, it can not work with Werkzeug 3.0.0, which is released 2 years after it.
Similar to pip list, you can list all packages installed in the packages directory:
1 | |
By default, all packages installed in the working set will be listed. You can specify which groups to be listed
-by --include/--exclude options, and include has a higher priority than exclude.
1 -2 | |
There is a special group :sub, when included, all transitive dependencies will also be shown. It is included by default.
You can also pass --resolve to pdm list, which will show the packages resolved in pdm.lock, rather than installed in the working set.
By default, name, version and location will be shown in the list output, you can view more fields or specify the order of fields by --fields option:
1 | |
For all supported fields, please refer to the CLI reference.
-Also, you can specify the output format other than the default table output. The supported formats and options are --csv, --json, --markdown and --freeze.
Or show a dependency tree by:
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 | |
Note that --fields option doesn't work with --tree.
You can also limit the packages to show by passing the patterns to pdm list:
1 | |
In most shells, the wildcard * will be expanded if there are matching files under the current directory.
-To avoid getting unexpected results, you can quote the patterns: pdm list 'flask-*' 'requests-*'.
In --tree mode, only the subtree of the matched packages will be displayed. This can be used to achieve the same purpose as pnpm why, which is to show why a specific package is required.
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
Include the following setting in pyproject.toml to enable:
1 -2 | |
If you want to control the format(binary/sdist) of the packages, you can set the env vars PDM_NO_BINARY and PDM_ONLY_BINARY.
Each env var is a comma-separated list of package name. You can set it to :all: to apply to all packages. For example:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 | |
If PDM is not able to find a resolution to satisfy the requirements, it will raise an error. For example,
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 | |
You can either change to a lower version of django or remove the upper bound of asgiref. But if it is not eligible for your project, you can try overriding the resolved package versions in pyproject.toml.
Sometimes users may want to keep track of the dependencies of global Python interpreter as well.
-It is easy to do so with PDM, via -g/--global option which is supported by most subcommands.
If the option is passed, <CONFIG_ROOT>/global-project will be used as the project directory, which is
-almost the same as normal project except that pyproject.toml will be created automatically for you
-and it doesn't support build features. The idea is taken from Haskell's stack.
However, unlike stack, by default, PDM won't use global project automatically if a local project is not found.
-Users should pass -g/--global explicitly to activate it, since it is not very pleasing if packages go to a wrong place.
-But PDM also leave the decision to users, just set the config global_project.fallback to true.
By default, when pdm uses global project implicitly the following message is printed: Project is not found, fallback to the global project. To disable this message set the config global_project.fallback_verbose to false.
If you want global project to track another project file other than <CONFIG_ROOT>/global-project, you can provide the
-project path via -p/--project <path> option. Especially if you pass --global --project ., PDM will install the dependencies
-of the current project into the global Python.
Warning
-Be careful with remove and sync --clean/--pure commands when global project is used, because it may remove packages installed in your system Python.
You can also export pdm lock to other formats, to ease the CI flow or image building process. Currently,
-only requirements.txt format is supported:
1 | |
Note
-You can also run pdm export with a .pre-commit hook.
As any Python deliverable, your project will go through the different phases -of a Python project lifecycle and PDM provides commands to perform the expected tasks for those phases.
-It also provides hooks attached to these steps allowing for:
-Besides, pre_invoke signal is emitted before ANY command is invoked, allowing plugins to modify the project or options beforehand.
The built-in commands are currently split into 3 groups:
-You will most probably need to perform some recurrent tasks between the installation and publication phases (housekeeping, linting, testing, ...) -this is why PDM lets you define your own tasks/phases using user scripts.
-To provides full flexibility, PDM allows to skip some hooks and tasks on demand.
-The initialization phase should occur only once in a project lifetime by running the pdm init
-command to initialize an existing project (prompt to fill the pyproject.toml file).
They trigger the following hooks:
-post_initflowchart LR
- subgraph pdm-init [pdm init]
- direction LR
- post-init{{Emit post_init}}
- init --> post-init
- endThe dependencies management is required for the developer to be able to work and perform the following:
-lock: compute a lock file from the pyproject.toml requirements.sync: synchronize (add/remove/update) PEP582 packages from the lock file and install the current project as editable.add: add a dependencyremove: remove a dependencyAll those steps are directly available with the following commands:
-pdm lock: execute the lock taskpdm sync: execute the sync taskpdm install: execute the sync task, preceded from lock if requiredpdm add: add a dependency requirement, re-lock and then syncpdm remove: remove a dependency requirement, re-lock and then syncpdm update: re-lock dependencies from their latest versions and then syncThey trigger the following hooks:
- -flowchart LR
- subgraph pdm-install [pdm install]
- direction LR
-
- subgraph pdm-lock [pdm lock]
- direction TB
- pre-lock{{Emit pre_lock}}
- post-lock{{Emit post_lock}}
- pre-lock --> lock --> post-lock
- end
-
- subgraph pdm-sync [pdm sync]
- direction TB
- pre-install{{Emit pre_install}}
- post-install{{Emit post_install}}
- pre-install --> sync --> post-install
- end
-
- pdm-lock --> pdm-sync
- endThis is a special case in dependency management:
-you can switch the current Python version using pdm use
-and it will emit the post_use signal with the new Python interpreter.
flowchart LR
- subgraph pdm-use [pdm use]
- direction LR
- post-use{{Emit post_use}}
- use --> post-use
- endAs soon as you are ready to publish your package/library, you will require the publication tasks:
-build: build/compile assets requiring it and package everything into a Python package (sdist, wheel)upload: upload/publish the package to a remote PyPI indexAll those steps are available with the following commands:
-pdm buildpdm publishThey trigger the following hooks:
- -flowchart LR
- subgraph pdm-publish [pdm publish]
- direction LR
- pre-publish{{Emit pre_publish}}
- post-publish{{Emit post_publish}}
-
- subgraph pdm-build [pdm build]
- pre-build{{Emit pre_build}}
- post-build{{Emit post_build}}
- pre-build --> build --> post-build
- end
-
- %% subgraph pdm-upload [pdm upload]
- %% pre-upload{{Emit pre_upload}}
- %% post-upload{{Emit post_upload}}
- %% pre-upload --> upload --> post-upload
- %% end
-
- pre-publish --> pdm-build --> upload --> post-publish
- endExecution will stop at first failure, hooks included.
-User scripts are detailed in their own section but you should know that:
-pre_* and post_* script, including composite scripts.run execution will trigger the pre_run and post_run hookspre_script and post_script hooksGiven the following scripts definition:
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 | |
a pdm run test will have the following lifecycle:
flowchart LR
- subgraph pdm-run-test [pdm run test]
- direction LR
- pre-run{{Emit pre_run}}
- post-run{{Emit post_run}}
- subgraph run-test [test task]
- direction TB
- pre-script{{Emit pre_script}}
- post-script{{Emit post_script}}
- pre-test[Execute pre_test]
- post-test[Execute post_test]
- test[Execute test]
-
- pre-script --> pre-test --> test --> post-test --> post-script
- end
-
- pre-run --> run-test --> post-run
- endwhile pdm run composite will have the following:
flowchart LR
- subgraph pdm-run-composite [pdm run composite]
- direction LR
- pre-run{{Emit pre_run}}
- post-run{{Emit post_run}}
-
- subgraph run-composite [composite task]
- direction TB
- pre-script-composite{{Emit pre_script}}
- post-script-composite{{Emit post_script}}
- pre-composite[Execute pre_composite]
- post-composite[Execute post_composite]
-
- subgraph run-test [test task]
- direction TB
- pre-script-test{{Emit pre_script}}
- post-script-test{{Emit post_script}}
- pre-test[Execute pre_test]
- post-test[Execute post_test]
-
- pre-script-test --> pre-test --> test --> post-test --> post-script-test
- end
-
- pre-script-composite --> pre-composite --> run-test --> post-composite --> post-script-composite
- end
-
- pre-run --> run-composite --> post-run
- endIt is possible to control which task and hook runs for any built-in command as well as custom user scripts
-using the --skip option.
It accepts a comma-separated list of hooks/task names to skip
-as well as the predefined :all, :pre and :post shortcuts
-respectively skipping all hooks, all pre_* hooks and all post_* hooks.
-You can also provide the skip list in PDM_SKIP_HOOKS environment variable
-but it will be overridden as soon as the --skip parameter is provided.
Given the previous script block, running pdm run --skip=:pre,post_test composite will result in the following reduced lifecycle:
flowchart LR
- subgraph pdm-run-composite [pdm run composite]
- direction LR
- post-run{{Emit post_run}}
-
- subgraph run-composite [composite task]
- direction TB
- post-script-composite{{Emit post_script}}
- post-composite[Execute post_composite]
-
- subgraph run-test [test task]
- direction TB
- post-script-test{{Emit post_script}}
-
- test --> post-script-test
- end
-
- run-test --> post-composite --> post-script-composite
- end
-
- run-composite --> post-run
- endPEP 582 has been rejected
-This is a rejected PEP. However, due to the fact that this feature is the reason for PDM's birth, PDM will retain the support. -We recommend using virtual environments instead.
-With PEP 582, dependencies will be installed into __pypackages__ directory under the project root. With PEP 582 enabled globally, you can also use the project interpreter to run scripts directly.
When the project interpreter is a normal Python, this mode is enabled.
-Besides, on a project you work with for the first time on your machine, if it contains an empty __pypackages__ directory, PEP 582 is enabled automatically, and virtualenv won't be created.
To make the Python interpreters aware of PEP 582 packages, one need to add the pdm/pep582/sitecustomize.py
-to the Python library search path.
One just needs to execute pdm --pep582, then environment variable will be changed automatically. Don't forget
-to restart the terminal session to take effect.
The command to change the environment variables can be printed by pdm --pep582 [<SHELL>]. If <SHELL>
-isn't given, PDM will pick one based on some guesses. You can run eval "$(pdm --pep582)" to execute the command.
You may want to write a line in your .bash_profile(or similar profiles) to make it effective when logging in.
-For example, in bash you can do this:
1 | |
Once again, Don't forget to restart the terminal session to take effect.
-Thanks to the site packages loading on Python startup. It is possible to patch the sys.path
-by executing the sitecustomize.py shipped with PDM. The interpreter can search the directories
-for the nearest __pypackage__ folder and append it to the sys.path variable.
Now there are no built-in support or plugins for PEP 582 in most IDEs, you have to configure your tools manually.
-Mark __pypackages__/<major.minor>/lib as Sources Root.
-Then, select as Python interpreter a Python installation with the same <major.minor> version.
Additionally, if you want to use tools from the environment (e.g. pytest), you have to add the
-__pypackages__/<major.minor>/bin directory to the PATH variable in the corresponding
-run/debug configuration.
Add the following two entries to the top-level dict in .vscode/settings.json:
1 -2 -3 -4 | |
This file can be auto-generated with plugin pdm-vscode.
Enable PEP582 globally, -and make sure VSCode runs using the same user and shell you enabled PEP582 for.
-If for some reason you cannot enable PEP582 globally, you can still configure each "launch" in each project:
-set the PYTHONPATH environment variable in your launch configuration, in .vscode/launch.json.
-For example, to debug your pytest run:
1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 | |
If your package resides in a src directory, add it to PYTHONPATH as well:
1 | |
If you have configured "python.analysis.diagnosticMode": "workspace",
-and you see a ton of errors/warnings as a result.
-you may need to create pyrightconfig.json in the workspace directory, and fill in the following fields:
1 -2 -3 | |
Then restart the language server or VS Code and you're good to go. -In the future (microsoft/pylance-release#1150), maybe the problem will be solved.
-If you wish to use pdm to install jupyter notebook and use it in vscode in conjunction with the python extension:
-pdm add notebook or so to install notebook.env file inside of your project directory with contents like the following:1 | |
If the above still doesn't work, it's most likely because the environment variable is not properly loaded when the Notebook starts. There are two workarounds.
-code . in Terminal. It will open a new VSCode window in the current directory with the path set correctly. Use the Jupyter Notebook in the new window1 -2 | |
- --
In addition, there is a VSCode Task Provider extension available for download.
-This makes it possible for VSCode to automatically detect pdm scripts so they -can be run natively as VSCode Tasks.
-If using neovim-lsp with
-pyright and want your
-__pypackages__ directory to be added to the path, you can add this to your
-project's pyproject.toml.
1 -2 | |
You have a few options, but basically you'll want to tell an LSP client to add __pypackages__ to the paths it looks at. Here are a few options that are available:
pyproject.toml and pyright#Add this to your project's pyproject.toml:
1 -2 | |
Using pyright and eglot (included in Emacs 29), add the following to your config:
-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 -10 | |
You'll want pyright installed either globally, or in your project (probably as a dev dependency). You can add this with, for example:
-1 | |
Below is a sample code snippet showing how to make PDM work with lsp-python-ms in Emacs. Contributed by @linw1995.
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To start with, create a new project with pdm init:
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You will need to answer a few questions, to help PDM to create a pyproject.toml file for you.
-For more usages of pdm init, please read Create your project from a template.
At first, you need to choose a Python interpreter from a list of Python versions installed on your machine. The interpreter path
-will be stored in .pdm-python and used by subsequent commands. You can also change it later with pdm use.
Alternatively, you can specify the Python interpreter path via PDM_PYTHON environment variable. When it is set, the path saved in .pdm-python will be ignored.
After you select the Python interpreter, PDM will ask you whether you want to create a virtual environment for the project. -If you choose yes, PDM will create a virtual environment in the project root directory, and use it as the Python interpreter -for the project.
-If the selected Python interpreter is in a virtual environment, PDM will use it as the project environment and install dependencies
-into it. Otherwise, __pypackages__ will be created in the project root and dependencies will be installed into it.
For the difference between these two approaches, please refer to the corresponding sections in the docs:
- -A library and an application differ in many ways. In short, a library is a package that is intended to be installed and used by other projects. In most cases it also needs to be uploaded to PyPI. An application, on the other hand, is one that is directly facing end users and may need to be deployed into some production environments.
-In PDM, if you choose to create a library, PDM will add a name, version field to the pyproject.toml file, as well as a [build-system] table for the build backend, which is only useful if your project needs to be built and distributed. So you need to manually add these fields to pyproject.toml if you want to change the project from an application to a library. Also, a library project will be installed into the environment when you run pdm install or pdm sync, unless --no-self is specified.
requires-python value#You need to set an appropriate requires-python value for your project. This is an important property that affects how dependencies are resolved. Basically, each package's requires-python must cover the project's requires-python range. For example, consider the following setup:
requires-python = ">=3.9"foo: requires-python = ">=3.7,<3.11"Resolving the dependencies will cause a ResolutionImpossible:
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Because the dependency's requires-python is >=3.7,<3.11, it doesn't cover the project's requires-python range of >=3.9. In other words, the project promises to work on Python 3.11 and above, but the dependency doesn't support it. Since PDM creates a cross-platform lockfile that should work on all Python versions within the requires-python range, it can't find a valid resolution.
-To fix this, you need add a maximum version to requires-python, like >=3.9,<3.11.
The value of requires-python is a version specifier as defined in PEP 440. Here are some examples:
requires-python |
-Meaning | -
|---|---|
>=3.7 |
-Python 3.7 and above | -
>=3.7,<3.11 |
-Python 3.7, 3.8 and 3.10 | -
>=3.6,!=3.8.*,!=3.9.* |
-Python 3.6 and above, except 3.8 and 3.9 | -
Although PDM run on Python 3.7 and above, you can still have lower Python versions for your working project. But remember, if your project is a library, which needs to be built, published or installed, you make sure the PEP 517 build backend being used supports the lowest Python version you need. For instance, the default backend pdm-backend only works on Python 3.7+, so if you run pdm build on a project with Python 3.6, you will get an error. Most modern build backends have dropped the support for Python 3.6 and lower, so it is highly recommended to upgrade the Python version to 3.7+. Here are the supported Python range for some commonly used build backends, we only list those that support PEP 621 since otherwise PDM can't work with them.
| Backend | -Supported Python | -Support PEP 621 | -
|---|---|---|
pdm-backend |
->=3.7 |
-Yes | -
setuptools>=60 |
->=3.7 |
-Experimental | -
hatchling |
->=3.7 |
-Yes | -
flit-core>=3.4 |
->=3.6 |
-Yes | -
flit-core>=3.2,<3.4 |
->=3.4 |
-Yes | -
Note that if your project is an application (i.e. without the name metadata),
-the above limitation of backends does not apply. Therefore, if you don't need a build backend you can use any Python version >=2.7.
If you are already using other package manager tools like Pipenv or Poetry, it is easy to migrate to PDM.
-PDM provides import command so that you don't have to initialize the project manually, it now supports:
Pipfilepyproject.tomlpyproject.tomlrequirements.txt format used by pipsetup.py(It requires setuptools to be installed in the project environment. You can do this by configuring venv.with_pip to true for venv and pdm add setuptools for __pypackages__)Also, when you are executing pdm init or pdm install, PDM can auto-detect possible files to import if your PDM project has not been initialized yet.
Info
-Converting a setup.py will execute the file with the project interpreter. Make sure setuptools is installed with the interpreter and the setup.py is trusted.
You must commit the pyproject.toml file. You should commit the pdm.lock and pdm.toml file. Do not commit the .pdm-python file.
The pyproject.toml file must be committed as it contains the project's build metadata and dependencies needed for PDM.
-It is also commonly used by other python tools for configuration. Read more about the pyproject.toml file at
-Pip documentation.
You should be committing the pdm.lock file, by doing so you ensure that all installers are using the same versions of dependencies.
-To learn how to update dependencies see update existing dependencies.
pdm.toml contains some project-wide configuration and it may be useful to commit it for sharing.
.pdm-python stores the Python path used by the current project and doesn't need to be shared.
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This command is useful for checking which mode is being used by the project:
-None, virtualenv mode is enabled.Now, you have set up a new PDM project and get a pyproject.toml file. Refer to metadata section
-about how to write pyproject.toml properly.
If you are developing a library, after adding dependencies to your project, and finishing the coding, it's time to build and publish your package. It is as simple as one command:
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This will automatically build a wheel and a source distribution(sdist), and upload them to the PyPI index.
-To specify another repository other than PyPI, use the --repository option, the parameter can be either the upload URL or the name of the repository stored in the config file.
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You can configure trusted publishers for PyPI so that you don't need to expose the PyPI tokens in the release workflow. To do this, follow -the guide to add a publisher and write the GitHub Actions workflow as below:
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You can also build the package and upload it in two steps, to allow you to inspect the built artifacts before uploading.
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There are many options to control the build process, depending on the backend used. Refer to the build configuration section for more details.
-The artifacts will be created at dist/ and able to upload to PyPI.
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Like npm run, with PDM, you can run arbitrary scripts or commands with local packages loaded.
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It will run flask run -p 54321 in the environment that is aware of packages in your project environment.
PDM also supports custom script shortcuts in the optional [tool.pdm.scripts] section of pyproject.toml.
You can then run pdm run <script_name> to invoke the script in the context of your PDM project. For example:
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And then in your terminal:
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Any following arguments will be appended to the command:
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Yarn-like script shortcuts
-There is a builtin shortcut making all scripts available as root commands
-as long as the script does not conflict with any builtin or plugin-contributed command.
-Said otherwise, if you have a start script, you can run both pdm run start and pdm start.
-But if you have an install script, only pdm run install will run it,
-pdm install will still run the builtin install command.
PDM supports 4 types of scripts:
-cmd#Plain text scripts are regarded as normal command, or you can explicitly specify it:
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In some cases, such as when wanting to add comments between parameters, it might be more convenient -to specify the command as an array instead of a string:
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shell#Shell scripts can be used to run more shell-specific tasks, such as pipeline and output redirecting.
-This is basically run via subprocess.Popen() with shell=True:
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call#The script can be also defined as calling a python function in the form <module_name>:<func_name>:
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The function can be supplied with literal arguments:
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composite#This script kind execute other defined scripts:
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Running pdm run all will run lint first and then test if lint succeeded.
You can also provide arguments to the called scripts:
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Note
-Argument passed on the command line are given to each called task.
-env#All environment variables set in the current shell can be seen by pdm run and will be expanded when executed.
-Besides, you can also define some fixed environment variables in your pyproject.toml:
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Note how we use TOML's syntax to define a composite dictionary.
-Note
-Environment variables specified on a composite task level will override those defined by called tasks.
-env_file#You can also store all environment variables in a dotenv file and let PDM read it:
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The variables within the dotenv file will not override any existing environment variables. -If you want the dotenv file to override existing environment variables use the following:
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Note
-A dotenv file specified on a composite task level will override those defined by called tasks.
-site_packages#To make sure the running environment is properly isolated from the outer Python interpreter,
-site-packages from the selected interpreter WON'T be loaded into sys.path, unless any of the following conditions holds:
PATH but not inside the __pypackages__ folder.-s/--site-packages flag is following pdm run.site_packages = true is in either the script table or the global setting key _.Note that site-packages will always be loaded if running with PEP 582 enabled(without the pdm run prefix).
If you want the options to be shared by all tasks run by pdm run,
-you can write them under a special key _ in [tool.pdm.scripts] table:
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Besides, inside the tasks, PDM_PROJECT_ROOT environment variable will be set to the project root.
By default, all user provided extra arguments are simply appended to the command (or to all the commands for composite tasks).
If you want more control over the user provided extra arguments, you can use the {args} placeholder.
-It is available for all script types and will be interpolated properly for each:
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will produce the following interpolations (those are not real scripts, just here to illustrate the interpolation):
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You may optionally provide default values that will be used if no user arguments are provided:
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will produce the following:
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Note
-As soon a placeholder is detected, arguments are not appended anymore.
-This is important for composite scripts because if a placeholder
-is detected on one of the subtasks, none for the subtasks will have
-the arguments appended, you need to explicitly pass the placeholder
-to every nested command requiring it.
Note
-call scripts don't support the {args} placeholder as they have
-access to sys.argv directly to handle such complexe cases and more.
Use pdm run --list/-l to show the list of available script shortcuts:
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You can add an help option with the description of the script, and it will be displayed in the Description column in the above output.
Note
-Tasks with a name starting with an underscore (_) are considered internal (helpers...) and are not shown in the listing.
Like npm, PDM also supports tasks composition by pre and post scripts, pre script will be run before the given task and post script will be run after.
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In this example, pdm run compress will run all these 3 scripts sequentially.
The pipeline fails fast
-In a pipeline of pre - self - post scripts, a failure will cancel the subsequent execution.
-Under certain situations PDM will look for some special hook scripts for execution:
-post_init: Run after pdm initpre_install: Run before installing packagespost_install: Run after packages are installedpre_lock: Run before dependency resolutionpost_lock: Run after dependency resolutionpre_build: Run before building distributionspost_build: Run after distributions are builtpre_publish: Run before publishing distributionspost_publish: Run after distributions are publishedpre_script: Run before any scriptpost_script: Run after any scriptpre_run: Run once before run script invocationpost_run: Run once after run script invocationNote
-Pre & post scripts can't receive any arguments.
-Avoid name conflicts
-If there exists an install scripts under [tool.pdm.scripts] table, pre_install
-scripts can be triggered by both pdm install and pdm run install. So it is
-recommended to not use the preserved names.
Note
-Composite tasks can also have pre and post scripts. -Called tasks will run their own pre and post scripts.
-Because, sometimes it is desirable to run a script but without its hooks or pre and post scripts,
-there is a --skip=:all which will disable all hooks, pre and post.
-There is also --skip=:pre and --skip=:post allowing to respectively
-skip all pre_* hooks and all post_* hooks.
It is also possible to need a pre script but not the post one,
-or to need all tasks from a composite tasks except one.
-For those use cases, there is a finer grained --skip parameter
-accepting a list of tasks or hooks name to exclude.
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This command will run the my-composite task and skip the pre_task1 hook as well as the task2 and its hooks.
You can also provide you skip list in PDM_SKIP_HOOKS environment variable
-but it will be overridden as soon as the --skip parameter is provided.
There is more details on hooks and pre/post scripts behavior on the dedicated hooks page.
- - - - - - - - -Similar to yarn create and npm create, PDM also supports initializing or creating a project from a template.
-The template is given as a positional argument of pdm init, in one of the following forms:
pdm init flask - Initialize the project from the template https://github.com/pdm-project/template-flaskpdm init https://github.com/frostming/pdm-template-flask - Initialize the project from a Git URL. Both HTTPS and SSH URL are acceptable.pdm init django@v2 - To check out the specific branch or tag. Full Git URL also supports it.pdm init /path/to/template - Initialize the project from a template directory on local filesystem.And pdm init will use the default template built in.
The project will be initialized at the current directory, existing files with the same name will be overwritten. You can also use the -p <path> option to create a project at a new path.
According to the first form of the template argument, pdm init <name> will refer to the template repository located at https://github.com/pdm-project/template-<name>. To contribute a template, you can create a template repository and establish a request to transfer the
-ownership to pdm-project organization(it can be found at the bottom of the repository settings page). The administrators of the organization will review the request and complete the subsequent steps. You will be added as the repository maintainer if the transfer is accepted.
A template repository must be a pyproject-based project, which contains a pyproject.toml file with PEP-621 compliant metadata.
-No other special config files are required.
On initialization, the project name in the template will be replaced by the name of the new project. This is done by a recursive full-text search and replace. The import name, which is derived from the project name by replacing all non-alphanumeric characters with underscores and lowercasing, will also be replaced in the same way.
-For example, if the project name is foo-project in the template and you want to initialize a new project named bar-project, the following replacements will be made:
foo-project -> bar-project in all .md files and .rst filesfoo_project -> bar_project in all .py filesfoo_project -> bar_project in the directory namefoo_project.py -> bar_project.py in the file nameTherefore, we don't support name replacement if the import name isn't derived from the project name.
-If you are seeking for a more powerful project generator, you can use cookiecutter via --cookiecutter option and copier via --copier option.
You need to install cookiecutter and copier respectively to use them. You can do this by running pdm self add <package>.
-To use them:
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When you run pdm init command, PDM will ask for the Python interpreter to use in the project, which is the base interpreter to install dependencies and run tasks.
Compared to PEP 582, virtual environments are considered more mature and have better support in the Python ecosystem as well as IDEs. Therefore, virtualenv is the default mode if not configured otherwise.
-Virtual environments will be used if the project interpreter (the interpreter stored in .pdm-python, which can be checked by pdm info) is from a virtualenv.
By default, PDM prefers to use the virtualenv layout as other package managers do. When you run pdm install the first time on a new PDM-managed project, whose Python interpreter is not decided yet, PDM will create a virtualenv in <project_root>/.venv, and install dependencies into it. In the interactive session of pdm init, PDM will also ask to create a virtualenv for you.
You can choose the backend used by PDM to create a virtualenv. Currently it supports three backends:
-virtualenv(default)venvcondaYou can change it by pdm config venv.backend [virtualenv|venv|conda].
You can create more than one virtualenvs with whatever Python version you want.
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If no --name is given, PDM will create the venv in <project_root>/.venv. Otherwise, virtualenvs go to the location specified by the venv.location configuration.
-They are named as <project_name>-<path_hash>-<name_or_python_version> to avoid name collision.
-You can disable the in-project virtualenv creation by pdm config venv.in_project false. And all virtualenvs will be created under venv.location.
You can tell PDM to use a virtualenv you created in preceding steps, with pdm use:
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When no interpreter is stored in the project config or PDM_IGNORE_SAVED_PYTHON env var is set, PDM will try to detect possible virtualenvs to use:
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Instead of spawning a subshell like what pipenv and poetry do, pdm venv doesn't create the shell for you but print the activate command to the console. In this way you won't leave the current shell. You can then feed the output to eval to activate the virtualenv:
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Additionally, if the project interpreter is a venv Python, you can omit the name argument following activate.
-Note
-venv activate does not switch the Python interpreter used by the project. It only changes the shell by injecting the virtualenv paths to environment variables. For the forementioned purpose, use the pdm use command.
For more CLI usage, see the pdm venv documentation.
Looking for pdm shell?
PDM doesn't provide a shell command because many fancy shell functions may not work perfectly in a subshell, which brings a maintenance burden to support all the corner cases. However, you can still gain the ability via the following ways:
pdm run $SHELL, this will spawn a subshell with the environment variables set properly. The subshell can be quit with exit or Ctrl+D.1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 | |
Copy and paste this function to your ~/.bashrc file and restart your shell. Now you can run pdm shell to activate the virtualenv.
- The virtualenv can be deactivated with deactivate command as usual.
By default when you activate a virtualenv, the prompt will show: {project_name}-{python_version}.
For example if your project is named test-project:
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The format can be customized before virtualenv creation with the venv.prompt configuration or PDM_VENV_PROMPT environment variable (before a pdm init or pdm venv create).
-Available variables are:
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There are other commands supporting --venv flag or PDM_IN_VENV environment variable, see the CLI reference. You should create the virtualenv with pdm venv create --name <name> before using this feature.
By default, if you use pdm use and select a non-venv Python, the project will be switched to PEP 582 mode. We also allow you to switch to a named virtual environment via the --venv flag:
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You can disable the auto-creation and auto-detection for virtualenv by pdm config python.use_venv false.
-If venv is disabled, PEP 582 mode will always be used even if the selected interpreter is from a virtualenv.
By default PDM will not include pip in virtual environments.
-This increases isolation by ensuring that only your dependencies are installed in the virtual environment.
To install pip once (if for example you want to install arbitrary dependencies in CI) you can run:
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Or you can create the virtual environment with --with-pip:
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See the ensurepip docs for more details on ensurepip.
If you want to permanently configure PDM to include pip in virtual environments you can use the venv.with_pip configuration.