qat_lora_finetune_distributed.py

# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
# All rights reserved.
#
# This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.

import sys
import time

from functools import partial
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
from warnings import warn

import torch
from omegaconf import DictConfig, ListConfig

from torch import nn
from torch.distributed import destroy_process_group, init_process_group

from torch.optim import Optimizer
from torchdata.stateful_dataloader import StatefulDataLoader
from torchdata.stateful_dataloader.sampler import StatefulDistributedSampler
from torchtune import config, modules, training, utils
from torchtune.config._utils import _get_component_from_path
from torchtune.data import padded_collate_packed
from torchtune.datasets import ConcatDataset
from torchtune.modules.peft import (
    DoRALinear,
    get_adapter_params,
    get_adapter_state_dict,
    get_lora_module_names,
    get_merged_lora_ckpt,
    LoRALinear,
    set_trainable_params,
    validate_missing_and_unexpected_for_lora,
)
from torchtune.recipe_interfaces import FTRecipeInterface
from torchtune.training import DummyProfiler, PROFILER_KEY
from torchtune.training.quantization import swap_lora_linear_with_qat

from tqdm import tqdm

log = utils.get_logger("DEBUG")


class QATLoRAFinetuneRecipeDistributed(FTRecipeInterface):
    """
    Distributed quantization-aware training (QAT) and LoRA finetuning recipe for dense transformer-based
    LLMs such as Llama2. This recipe supports distributed training and can be run on a single node (1 to
    8 GPUs). Only compatible with torchao 0.7+.

    Features:
        - Quantization-aware training (QAT). Perform fake quantization on weights and/or activations
            during finetuning, with the goal of ultimately producing a quantized model with minimal
            accuracy degradation. This recipe produces an unquantized model in the original dtype,
            which can then be quantized separately.

        - FSDP. Supported using PyTorch's FSDP APIs. CPU offload of parameters, gradients, and optimizer states
            is supported via ``fsdp_cpu_offload``. Resharding of parameters after the forward pass is
            done by default (corresponding to FULL_SHARD sharding strategy), but can be disabled by setting the config
            ``fsdp_reshard_after_forward`` to False (this corresponds to SHARD_GRAD_OP sharding strategy).
            DDP is currently not supported. Training on CPU is not supported.

        - Activation Checkpointing. This can be controlled using the ``enable_activation_checkpointing``
            flag. Activation checkpointing helps reduce the memory footprint since we no longer keep
            activations in memory and instead recompute them during the backward pass. This is especially
            helpful for larger batch sizes when you're memory constrained. But these savings in memory
            come at the cost of training performance. In most cases training can slow-down quite a bit as
            a result of this activation recomputation.

        - Activation Offloading. This can be controlled using the ``enable_activation_offloading``
            flag. Activation offloading is a technique similar to activations checkpointing that helps
            reduce the memory footprint to prevent OOMs on CUDA and enable bigger batches. Where activations
            checkpointing drops the activation in the forward to recompute it later in the backward,
            activations offloading will drop the activation in the forward to the CPU and bring it
            back during the backward pass. As always, there is a tradeoff--these savings in memory can
            come at the cost of training performance and CPU resources. To recover some runtime cost,
            we've added an option to enable offloading on a different stream to permit overlapping with
            the computation. This option is currently only available on PyTorch 2.5.0 or later and will be
            enabled by default if an acceptable torch version is found. Activation offloading can be used in
            conjunction with activation checkpointing.

        - Precision. Full fp32 and bf16 training are supported. Precision is controlled using the ``dtype``
            flag. When ``dtype=bf16``, all activations, gradients and optimizer states are in bfloat16. In
            most cases this should halve the memory footprint of full precision (fp32) training, without
            loss in model quality (will depend on the model, training data and other settings). For
            GPUs which do not support bfloat16, we fall back to fp32. Mixed precision training and fp16
            precision are currently not supported.

        - Gradient Accumulation. You can simulate larger batch sizes by accumulating gradients. This is
            controlled using the ``gradient_accumulation_steps`` flag.

                Total Batch Size = batch_size * number of GPUs * gradient accumulation steps.

            For example: with batch_size=1, nproc_per_node=2 and gradient_accumulation_steps=32 we get a
            total batch size of 64.

            Gradient accumulation is especially useful when you are memory constrained. In this case,
            accumulating gradients might give you better training speed than enabling activation
            checkpointing.

        - Checkpointing. Model weights are checkpointed both at the end of each epoch and at the end of
            training. Currently we checkpoint both the adapter weights (trainable params only) and the
            complete merged weights (adapter weights added back to the base model). For more details
            please take a look at our LoRA tutorial
            (https://pytorch.org/torchtune/main/tutorials/lora_finetune.html).

            Optimizer State and recipe state (seed, total_epochs, number of epochs run etc) are
            only saved at the end of a given epoch and used in case of resuming training. Resuming
            training is controlled by the ``resume_from_checkpoint`` flag. Mid-epoch checkpointing is
            currently not supported.

            For more details on the checkpointer, please take a look at
            our checkpointer deepdive (https://pytorch.org/torchtune/main/tutorials/checkpointer.html).

        - Logging. Terminal, Disk, WandB and TensorBoard are all supported.

        - Gradient Clipping. Gradient clipping is supported using the ``clip_grad_norm`` flag. By default,
            ``clip_grad_norm`` is set to ``None``. If you only want to log the grad norm, you can set
            ``clip_grad_norm='inf'``.

    For a full list of example configs for this recipe, run ``tune ls`` on the command line. Each config
    has example commands for how to kick-off training.

    Args:
        cfg (DictConfig): OmegaConf object parsed from yaml file

    Raises:
        ValueError: If ``dtype`` is set to fp16.
        ValueError: If world_size is 1.
        ValueError: If ``compile`` is set to True.
        RuntimeError: If ``dtype`` is set to bf16 and the hardware does not support bf16.
        RuntimeError: If ``left_pad_sequence`` is set as the data collator.
        RuntimeError: If ``enable_activation_offloading`` is True and device is not CUDA.
        RuntimeError: If ``enable_activation_offloading`` is True and ``enable_activation_checkpointing`` is False.
    """

    def __init__(self, cfg: DictConfig) -> None:
        try:
            from torchao.quantization import qat  # noqa: F401
        except ImportError as err:
            raise ValueError(
                "qat_lora_finetune_distributed is only compatible with torchao 0.7+"
            ) from err

        self._device = utils.get_device(device=cfg.device)
        self._dtype = training.get_dtype(cfg.dtype, device=self._device)

        if self._dtype == torch.float16:
            raise ValueError(
                "full fp16 training is not supported with this recipe. Please use bf16 or fp32 instead."
            )

        if cfg.get("compile", False):
            raise ValueError(
                "Compile is not yet supported for QAT. Please set compile=False."
            )

        self.world_size, self.rank = utils.get_world_size_and_rank()

        # _is_rank_zero is used primarily for logging. In the future, the logger
        # should directly take care of this
        self._is_rank_zero = self.rank == 0

        # logging attributes
        self._output_dir = cfg.output_dir
        self._log_every_n_steps = cfg.get("log_every_n_steps", 1)
        self._log_peak_memory_stats = cfg.get("log_peak_memory_stats", False)

        if self._log_peak_memory_stats and self._device.type != "cuda":
            log.info(
                "log_peak_memory_stats was set to True, however, training does not use cuda. Setting log_peak_memory_stats=False."
            )
            self._log_peak_memory_stats = False

        # These attributes constitute the recipe state and are updated by ``load_checkpoint``
        # when ``resume_from_checkpoint`` is ``True``
        self.seed = training.set_seed(
            seed=cfg.seed, debug_mode=cfg.get("cudnn_deterministic_mode", None)
        )
        self.epochs_run = 0
        self.total_epochs = cfg.epochs
        self.max_steps_per_epoch = cfg.max_steps_per_epoch
        self.global_step = 0
        self._clip_grad_norm = cfg.get("clip_grad_norm", None)

        self._save_adapter_weights_only = cfg.get("save_adapter_weights_only", False)
        self._resume_from_checkpoint = cfg.resume_from_checkpoint
        self._gradient_accumulation_steps = cfg.gradient_accumulation_steps

        # activation checkpointing/offloading
        self._enable_activation_checkpointing = cfg.get(
            "enable_activation_checkpointing", False
        )
        self._enable_activation_offloading = cfg.get(
            "enable_activation_offloading", False
        )
        if self._enable_activation_offloading:
            if self._device.type != "cuda":
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "enable_activation_offloading should only be True when training on CUDA"
                )
            if not self._enable_activation_checkpointing:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "enable_activation_offloading should only be True when enable_activation_checkpointing is True"
                )
        elif (
            self._enable_activation_checkpointing
            and cfg.checkpointer.model_type != "LLAMA3_VISION"
        ):
            utils.log_rank_zero(
                log,
                "Hint: enable_activation_checkpointing is True, but enable_activation_offloading isn't. "
                "Enabling activation offloading should reduce memory further.",
            )

    def load_checkpoint(self, cfg_checkpointer: DictConfig) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """
        Extract the checkpoint state from file and validate. This includes the
        base model weights. If resume_from_checkpoint is True, this also includes
        the adapter weights and recipe state
        """
        self._checkpointer = config.instantiate(
            cfg_checkpointer,
            should_load_recipe_state=self._resume_from_checkpoint,
        )
        checkpoint_dict = self._checkpointer.load_checkpoint()

        # When resuming from checkpoint for LoRA, the recipe expects the adapter weights
        # and recipe state to be present. The keys should match up with what ``save_checkpoint``
        # used to create these intermediate checkpoints
        if self._resume_from_checkpoint:
            if training.ADAPTER_KEY not in checkpoint_dict:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Adapter weights not found. Please ensure a valid adapter checkpoint is provided."
                )
            # _update_recipe_state will throw an exception if the recipe state is not corrctly loaded
            # no need to check here
            self._update_recipe_state(checkpoint_dict)
        return checkpoint_dict

    def _update_recipe_state(self, ckpt_dict: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        """
        Updates the recipe state from checkpoint.
        """
        try:
            self.epochs_run = ckpt_dict[training.EPOCHS_KEY]

            # on mismatch, warn the user and prevent the override
            if self.seed != ckpt_dict[training.SEED_KEY]:
                warn(
                    message=(
                        "Config value for seed does not match the checkpoint value, "
                        f"using the checkpoint value: {ckpt_dict[training.SEED_KEY]}"
                    )
                )
                self.seed = ckpt_dict[training.SEED_KEY]
            if self.max_steps_per_epoch != ckpt_dict[training.MAX_STEPS_KEY]:
                warn(
                    message=(
                        "Config value for max_steps_per_epoch does not match the checkpoint value, "
                        f"using the checkpoint value: {ckpt_dict[training.MAX_STEPS_KEY]}"
                    )
                )
                self.max_steps_per_epoch = ckpt_dict[training.MAX_STEPS_KEY]

            # on mismatch, warn the user but allow the override
            if self.total_epochs != ckpt_dict[training.TOTAL_EPOCHS_KEY]:
                warn(
                    message=(
                        "Config value for total_epochs does not match the checkpoint value, "
                        f"using the config value: {self.total_epochs}"
                    )
                )

        except KeyError as e:
            raise KeyError(
                "Checkpoint does not contain the required keys needed for updating recipe state. "
                "Are you sure you passed in the right recipe checkpoint?"
            ) from e

    def setup(self, cfg: DictConfig) -> None:
        """
        Setup the recipe state. This includes recipe state (if resume_from_checkpoint is True),
        model, tokenizer, loss, optimizer, learning rate scheduler, sampler, and dataloader.
        """
        if self._is_rank_zero:
            self._metric_logger = config.instantiate(cfg.metric_logger)

            # log config with parameter override
            self._metric_logger.log_config(cfg)

        checkpoint_dict = self.load_checkpoint(cfg_checkpointer=cfg.checkpointer)
        self._compile = cfg.get("compile", False)

        self._model = self._setup_model(
            cfg_model=cfg.model,
            enable_activation_checkpointing=self._enable_activation_checkpointing,
            enable_activation_offloading=self._enable_activation_offloading,
            fsdp_cpu_offload=cfg.get("fsdp_cpu_offload", False),
            reshard_after_forward=cfg.get("fsdp_reshard_after_forward", True),
            base_model_state_dict=checkpoint_dict[training.MODEL_KEY],
            lora_weights_state_dict=(
                checkpoint_dict[training.ADAPTER_KEY]
                if self._resume_from_checkpoint
                else None
            ),
            quantizer_cfg=cfg.get("quantizer", None),
        )
        self._tokenizer = config.instantiate(cfg.tokenizer)

        self._optimizer = self._setup_optimizer(
            cfg_optimizer=cfg.optimizer,
            opt_state_dict=(
                checkpoint_dict[training.OPT_KEY]
                if self._resume_from_checkpoint
                else None
            ),
        )

        # initialize loss
        self._loss_fn = config.instantiate(cfg.loss)

        if self._compile:
            training.compile_loss(self._loss_fn, verbose=self._is_rank_zero)

        if self._loss_fn.__class__.__name__ == "CEWithChunkedOutputLoss":
            # set num_output_chunks for model
            self._model.set_num_output_chunks(self._loss_fn.num_output_chunks)
        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info("Loss is initialized.")

        # sampler and dataloader depend on the tokenizer and loss_fn and should be
        # setup after all of these are setup
        collate_name = cfg.get("collate_fn", "torchtune.data.padded_collate_sft")
        self._dataloader = self._setup_data(
            cfg_dataset=cfg.dataset,
            shuffle=cfg.shuffle,
            batch_size=cfg.batch_size,
            collate_fn=collate_name,
        )

        # Finally update the recipe state which can only be correctly set after all of the
        # other components have been initialized and updated.

        # Number of training steps in each epoch depends on the number of batches produced
        # by the dataloader and the max_steps_per_epoch param set by the user and is used
        # for logging and tracking training state. This should be computed after the dataloader
        # has been setup
        self._steps_per_epoch = (
            len(self._dataloader) // self._gradient_accumulation_steps
        )
        if (
            self.max_steps_per_epoch is not None
            and self.max_steps_per_epoch < self._steps_per_epoch
        ):
            self._steps_per_epoch = self.max_steps_per_epoch
        self.global_step = self.epochs_run * self._steps_per_epoch

        # Learning rate scheduler can only be set up after number of steps
        # has been computed
        self._lr_scheduler = self._setup_lr_scheduler(
            cfg_lr_scheduler=cfg.lr_scheduler,
            num_training_steps=self.total_epochs * self._steps_per_epoch,
            last_epoch=self.global_step - 1,
        )

        # Set up profiler, returns DummyProfiler (nullcontext object with no-op `step` method)
        # if cfg is missing profiler key or if `cfg.profiler.enabled = False`
        self._profiler = self._setup_profiler(cfg.get(PROFILER_KEY, None))

        # Used to ignore labels for loss computation
        self.ignore_labels_cache = torch.full(
            (cfg.batch_size, 1), self._loss_fn.ignore_index, device=self._device
        )

    def _setup_profiler(
        self, cfg_profiler: Optional[DictConfig] = None
    ) -> Union[torch.profiler.profile, DummyProfiler]:
        """
        Parses the `profiler` section of top-level `cfg` and sets up profiler

        Args:
            cfg_profiler (Optional[DictConfig]): ``profiler`` section of the top-level ``cfg`` (the main config passed to
                `recipe.main`). Default None.

        Returns:
            profiler: Union[torch.profiler.profile, DummyProfiler] - DummyProfiler is a nullcontext with no-op methods
            for `start`, `stop`, and `step` that can be used in place of `torch.profiler.profile` if profiler is not enabled such
            that the instrumented training loop does not need to be changed profiling is disabled.

        The profiler config can be provided in configs under the `profiler` key with the following layout:

        .. code-block:: yaml
            profiler:
                enabled: bool

                #Output directory of trace artifacts
                output_dir: str

            #`torch.profiler.ProfilerActivity` types to trace
            cpu: bool
            cuda: bool

                #Trace options
                profile_memory: bool
                with_stack: bool
                record_shapes: bool
                with_flops: bool

            # `torch.profiler.schedule` options:
            # wait_steps -> wait, warmup_steps -> warmup, active_steps -> active, num_cycles -> repeat
            wait_steps: int
            warmup_steps: int
            active_steps: int
            num_cycles: int
        """
        # Missing profiler section in config, assume disabled
        if cfg_profiler is None:
            cfg_profiler = DictConfig({"enabled": False})

        # Check that component is included and set correctly
        if cfg_profiler.get("_component_", None) is None:
            cfg_profiler["_component_"] = "torchtune.training.setup_torch_profiler"
        else:
            assert (
                cfg_profiler.get("_component_")
                == "torchtune.training.setup_torch_profiler"
            ), "Only torch profiler supported currently: component must be `torchtune.training.setup_torch_profiler`"

        profiler, profiler_cfg = config.instantiate(cfg_profiler)

        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info(f" Profiler config after instantiation: {profiler_cfg}")

            self.profiler_profile_memory = profiler_cfg.get("profile_memory", False)
            if profiler_cfg["enabled"]:
                self.profiler_wait_steps = profiler_cfg["wait_steps"]
                self.profiler_warmup_steps = profiler_cfg["warmup_steps"]
                self.profiler_active_steps = profiler_cfg["active_steps"]

        return profiler

    def _convert_model_to_qat(self, model: nn.Module, quantizer_cfg: DictConfig):
        """
        Convert the model to support quantization-aware training during fine-tuning.
        """
        for name, child in model.named_modules():
            if isinstance(child, DoRALinear):
                raise ValueError("QAT is currently not compatible with DoRA")
        quantizer = config.instantiate(quantizer_cfg)
        quantizer.precision = self._dtype
        quantizer_mode = training.quantization.get_quantizer_mode(quantizer)
        if "qat" not in quantizer_mode:
            raise ValueError(
                "Quantizer mode '%s' is not supported for finetuning" % quantizer_mode
            )
        activation_config = quantizer.get_activation_fake_quantize_config()
        weight_config = quantizer.get_weight_fake_quantize_config()
        swap_lora_linear_with_qat(model, activation_config, weight_config)

    def _setup_model(
        self,
        cfg_model: DictConfig,
        enable_activation_checkpointing: bool,
        enable_activation_offloading: bool,
        fsdp_cpu_offload: bool,
        reshard_after_forward: bool,
        base_model_state_dict: Dict[str, Any],
        custom_sharded_layers: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        lora_weights_state_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        quantizer_cfg: Optional[DictConfig] = None,
    ) -> nn.Module:
        """
        Model initialization has some important considerations:
           a. To minimize GPU peak memory, we initialize the model on meta device with
              the right dtype
           b. All ranks calls ``load_state_dict`` without peaking CPU RAMs since
              full state dicts are loaded with ``torch.load(mmap=True)``
           c. We register (pre-)forward hooks with ``fully_shard`` instead of wrapping `nn.Module`
        """

        self._lora_rank = cfg_model.lora_rank
        self._lora_alpha = cfg_model.lora_alpha
        self._lora_attn_modules = list(cfg_model.lora_attn_modules)
        self._apply_lora_to_mlp = cfg_model.apply_lora_to_mlp
        self._apply_lora_to_output = getattr(cfg_model, "apply_lora_to_output", False)

        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info(
                "FSDP is enabled. Instantiating model and loading checkpoint on Rank 0 ..."
            )
            init_start = time.perf_counter()

        if quantizer_cfg is None:
            raise ValueError("Quantizer must be specified for QAT + LoRA finetuning")

        with training.set_default_dtype(self._dtype), torch.device("meta"):
            model = config.instantiate(cfg_model)
            self._convert_model_to_qat(model, quantizer_cfg)

        set_trainable_params(model, get_adapter_params(model))

        if self._compile:
            training.compile_model(model, verbose=self._is_rank_zero)

        if enable_activation_checkpointing:
            training.set_activation_checkpointing(
                model, auto_wrap_policy={modules.TransformerSelfAttentionLayer}
            )

        # For FSDP sharding
        fsdp_shard_conditions = [
            partial(
                training.get_shard_conditions,
                names_to_match=custom_sharded_layers,
            )
        ]
        training.shard_model(
            model=model,
            shard_conditions=fsdp_shard_conditions,
            cpu_offload=fsdp_cpu_offload,
            reshard_after_forward=reshard_after_forward,
        )

        if lora_weights_state_dict:
            lora_missing, lora_unexpected = training.load_from_full_model_state_dict(
                model,
                lora_weights_state_dict,
                self._device,
                cpu_offload=fsdp_cpu_offload,
            )
        else:
            lora_missing, lora_unexpected = None, None

        # Initialize LoRA params and RoPE buffers
        with training.set_default_dtype(self._dtype), self._device:
            lora_device = "cpu" if fsdp_cpu_offload else self._device
            for m in model.modules():
                if (
                    isinstance(m, LoRALinear) or isinstance(m, DoRALinear)
                ) and not lora_weights_state_dict:
                    # lora may not be covered in state dict
                    # if finetune for the 1st time
                    m.to_empty(device=lora_device)
                    m.initialize_parameters()
                # RoPE is not covered in state dict
                if hasattr(m, "rope_init"):
                    m.rope_init()

        base_missing, base_unexpected = training.load_from_full_model_state_dict(
            model,
            base_model_state_dict,
            self._device,
            cpu_offload=fsdp_cpu_offload,
        )
        validate_missing_and_unexpected_for_lora(
            lora_attn_modules=self._lora_attn_modules,
            apply_lora_to_mlp=self._apply_lora_to_mlp,
            apply_lora_to_output=self._apply_lora_to_output,
            state_dict_keys=model.state_dict().keys(),
            base_missing=base_missing,
            base_unexpected=base_unexpected,
            lora_missing=lora_missing,
            lora_unexpected=lora_unexpected,
        )
        # Ensure no params and buffers are on meta device
        training.validate_no_params_on_meta_device(model)

        # activation offloading
        self.activations_handling_ctx = training.get_act_offloading_ctx_manager(
            model, enable_activation_offloading
        )

        # log
        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info(
                f"Instantiating model and loading checkpoint took {time.perf_counter() - init_start:.2f} secs"
            )
            memory_stats = training.get_memory_stats(device=self._device)
            training.log_memory_stats(memory_stats)

        # synchronize before training begins
        torch.distributed.barrier()

        return model

    def _setup_optimizer(
        self, cfg_optimizer: DictConfig, opt_state_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
    ) -> Optimizer:
        optimizer = config.instantiate(cfg_optimizer, self._model.parameters())
        if opt_state_dict:
            training.load_from_full_optimizer_state_dict(
                self._model,
                optimizer,
                opt_state_dict,
                self._device,
            )

        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info("Optimizer is initialized.")
        return optimizer

    def _setup_lr_scheduler(
        self,
        cfg_lr_scheduler: DictConfig,
        num_training_steps: int,
        last_epoch: int,
    ) -> Optimizer:
        lr_scheduler = config.instantiate(
            cfg_lr_scheduler,
            self._optimizer,
            num_training_steps=num_training_steps,
            last_epoch=last_epoch,
        )
        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info("Learning rate scheduler is initialized.")
        return lr_scheduler

    def _setup_data(
        self,
        cfg_dataset: DictConfig,
        shuffle: bool,
        batch_size: int,
        collate_fn: str,
    ) -> StatefulDataLoader:
        """
        All data related setup happens here. Currently this recipe only supports the
        DistributedSamplers with Map-style Datasets which fit into memory. Other samplers,
        iterable datasets and streaming datasets are not supported.
        """

        if isinstance(cfg_dataset, ListConfig):
            datasets = [
                config.instantiate(single_cfg_dataset, self._tokenizer)
                for single_cfg_dataset in cfg_dataset
            ]
            ds = ConcatDataset(datasets=datasets)
            packed = getattr(ds, "packed", False)
        else:
            ds = config.instantiate(cfg_dataset, self._tokenizer)
            packed = cfg_dataset.get("packed", False)

        # Instantiate collate_fn
        if "left_pad_sequence" in collate_fn:
            raise RuntimeError("left_pad_sequence collator is only for inference.")
        collate_fn = _get_component_from_path(collate_fn)

        sampler = StatefulDistributedSampler(
            ds, num_replicas=self.world_size, rank=self.rank, shuffle=shuffle, seed=0
        )

        dataloader = StatefulDataLoader(
            dataset=ds,
            batch_size=batch_size,
            sampler=sampler,
            # dropping last avoids shape issues with compile + flex attention
            drop_last=True,
            collate_fn=(
                partial(
                    collate_fn,
                    padding_idx=self._tokenizer.pad_id,
                    ignore_idx=self._loss_fn.ignore_index,
                )
                if not packed
                else padded_collate_packed
            ),
        )

        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info("Dataset and Sampler are initialized.")

        return dataloader

    def save_checkpoint(
        self,
        epoch: int,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Checkpoint the state of the recipe. The constructed checkpoint state dict
        contains the following information:
        - Merged weights with key MODEL_KEY
        - Adapter weights with key ADAPTER_KEY
        - Relevant recipe state if training is not complete
        - If the `self._save_adapter_weights_only` option is True, the checkpointer will save only the adapter weights

        Checkpointer will save the merged weights, adapter weights and recipe state in
        different checkpoint files. To correctly resume from training, the adapter weights
        and recipe state must be provided along with the base model weights.
        """
        # final dict passed onto the checkpointer
        checkpoint_dict = {}

        intermediate_checkpoint = epoch + 1 < self.total_epochs

        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info(
                "Saving checkpoint. This may take some time. Retrieving full model state dict..."
            )
            start = time.perf_counter()

        # To prevent GPU memory from spiking during checkpoint save,
        # we consolidate the full model and optim state dicts on CPU for rank 0
        cpu_state_dict = training.gather_cpu_state_dict(
            self._model,
            self._is_rank_zero,
            device=self._device,
            adapter_weights_only=self._save_adapter_weights_only,
        )
        if self._is_rank_zero:
            log.info(
                f"Getting full model state dict took {time.perf_counter() - start:.2f} secs"
            )

        if intermediate_checkpoint:
            if self._is_rank_zero:
                log.info("Retrieving optimizer state dict...")
            opt_state_dict = training.get_full_optimizer_state_dict(
                self._model,
                self._optimizer,
                self._is_rank_zero,
                device=self._device,
            )
            if self._is_rank_zero:
                log.info(
                    f"Getting optimizer state dict took {time.perf_counter() - start:.2f} secs"
                )
        else:
            opt_state_dict = None

        # Now that we have the model and opt state dict, create the actual checkpoint dict
        # to be sent to the checkpointer and ultimately written to file
        if self._is_rank_zero:
            start = time.perf_counter()

            if self._save_adapter_weights_only:
                adapter_state_dict = cpu_state_dict
            else:
                # Filter out the adapter keys and weights from the model state dict. These will
                # be saved separately
                adapter_state_dict = get_adapter_state_dict(cpu_state_dict)

                # merge the adapter weights and base weights to create the model checkpoint
                merged_state_dict = get_merged_lora_ckpt(
                    cpu_state_dict,
                    rank=self._lora_rank,
                    alpha=self._lora_alpha,
                )
                checkpoint_dict.update({training.MODEL_KEY: merged_state_dict})
            checkpoint_dict.update({training.ADAPTER_KEY: adapter_state_dict})

            # if training is in-progress, checkpoint the optimizer state and recipe state
            # as well.
            if intermediate_checkpoint:
                checkpoint_dict.update(
                    {
                        training.OPT_KEY: opt_state_dict,
                        training.SEED_KEY: self.seed,
                        training.EPOCHS_KEY: self.epochs_run,
                        training.TOTAL_EPOCHS_KEY: self.total_epochs,
                        training.MAX_STEPS_KEY: self.max_steps_per_epoch,
                        training.DATALOADER_KEY: self._dataloader.state_dict(),
                    }
                )

            adapter_config = {
                "r": self._lora_rank,
                "lora_alpha": self._lora_alpha,
                "target_modules": get_lora_module_names(
                    self._lora_attn_modules,
                    self._apply_lora_to_mlp,
                    self._apply_lora_to_output,
                ),
                "peft_type": "LORA",
            }
            checkpoint_dict.update({training.ADAPTER_CONFIG: adapter_config})
            self._checkpointer.save_checkpoint(
                checkpoint_dict,
                epoch=epoch,
                intermediate_checkpoint=intermediate_checkpoint,
                adapter_only=self._save_adapter_weights_only,
            )
            log.info(f"Saving checkpoint took {time.perf_counter() - start:.2f} secs")

        torch.distributed.barrier()

    def train(self) -> None:
        """
        The core training loop.
        """
        # clean up before training begins
        training.cleanup_before_training()

        # zero out the gradients before starting training
        self._optimizer.zero_grad()

        # Initialize tokens count and running loss (for grad accumulation)
        t0 = time.perf_counter()
        running_loss = 0
        num_tokens = 0

        self._profiler.start()
        # self.epochs_run should be non-zero when we're resuming from a checkpoint
        for curr_epoch in range(self.epochs_run, self.total_epochs):

            # Update the sampler to ensure data is correctly shuffled across epochs
            # in case shuffle is True
            pbar = tqdm(total=self._steps_per_epoch, disable=not (self.rank == 0))
            self._dataloader.sampler.set_epoch(curr_epoch)
            for idx, batch in enumerate(self._dataloader):
                if (
                    self.max_steps_per_epoch is not None
                    and (idx // self._gradient_accumulation_steps)
                    == self.max_steps_per_epoch
                ):
                    break

                # Start tracking CUDA memory for active steps for just the first epoch
                if (
                    self._is_rank_zero
                    and curr_epoch == 0
                    and self.profiler_profile_memory
                    and idx == self.profiler_wait_steps + self.profiler_warmup_steps
                    and self._device.type == "cuda"
                ):
                    torch.cuda.memory._record_memory_history()

                utils.batch_to_device(batch, self._device)

                # Calculate the number of unmasked tokens in the current batch
                # and increment the total number of tokens seen in the step
                current_num_tokens = (
                    batch["labels"] != self._loss_fn.ignore_index
                ).sum()
                num_tokens += current_num_tokens

                # Shape [b, s], needed for the loss not the model
                labels = batch.pop("labels")

                with self.activations_handling_ctx:
                    logits = self._model(**batch)

                # Shift labels to compute loss
                # equivalent to doing labels[..., 1:] and logits[..., :-1, :]
                # But this way we dont need to slice the logits. We just add an ignore index to labels.
                labels = torch.hstack(
                    (labels[..., 1:], self.ignore_labels_cache[: labels.shape[0]])
                )
                if not isinstance(logits, list):
                    labels = labels.reshape(-1)
                    logits = logits.reshape(-1, logits.size(-1))

                # Compute loss
                # Loss is normalized by default so we multiply by the number of tokens
                # This way we can normalize by the total number of tokens if we're accumulating gradients
                current_loss = self._loss_fn(logits, labels) * current_num_tokens

                # free logits otherwise it peaks backward memory
                del logits

                running_loss += current_loss
                current_loss.backward()

                # Step with optimizer
                if (idx + 1) % self._gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:
                    # Get total number of tokens across all ranks to normalize gradients
                    torch.distributed.all_reduce(num_tokens)
                    # This will ensure that the logged loss matches what we're optimizing
                    torch.distributed.all_reduce(running_loss)
                    # Manually scale the gradients from unnormalized loss by total # of tokens
                    # We multiply by world_size to undo FSDP2 gradient normalization.
                    training.scale_grads(self._model, self.world_size / num_tokens)
                    if self._clip_grad_norm is not None:
                        grad_norm = torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
                            self._model.parameters(),
                            max_norm=float(self._clip_grad_norm),
                        ).full_tensor()
                    self._optimizer.step()
                    self._optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)
                    self._lr_scheduler.step()

                    # Update the number of steps when the weights are updated
                    self.global_step += 1

                    loss_to_log = running_loss.item() / num_tokens
                    pbar.update(1)
                    pbar.set_description(
                        f"{curr_epoch + 1}|{self.global_step}|Loss: {loss_to_log}"
                    )

                    # Log per-step metrics
                    if (
                        self.global_step % self._log_every_n_steps == 0
                        and self._is_rank_zero
                    ):
                        time_per_step = time.perf_counter() - t0
                        log_dict = {
                            "loss": loss_to_log,
                            "lr": self._optimizer.param_groups[0]["lr"],
                            "tokens_per_second_per_gpu": num_tokens
                            / (time_per_step * self.world_size),
                        }
                        if self._log_peak_memory_stats:
                            log_dict.update(
                                training.get_memory_stats(device=self._device)
                            )

                        if self._clip_grad_norm is not None:
                            log_dict.update({"grad_norm": grad_norm})
                        self._metric_logger.log_dict(
                            log_dict,
                            step=self.global_step,
                        )

                    # Reset running stats for the next step
                    running_loss = 0
                    num_tokens = 0
                    t0 = time.perf_counter()

                    # Stop tracking CUDA memory now that active steps are complete
                    if (
                        self._is_rank_zero
                        and curr_epoch == 0
                        and self.profiler_profile_memory
                        and idx
                        == self.profiler_wait_steps
                        + self.profiler_warmup_steps
                        + self.profiler_active_steps
                        and self._device.type == "cuda"
                    ):
                        torch.cuda.memory._record_memory_history(enabled=None)

                    # Step profiler
                    # Note that this is called within gradient accumulation block, hence
                    # will include multiple forward / backward passes if gradient accumulation > 1
                    self._profiler.step()

            self.epochs_run += 1
            self.save_checkpoint(epoch=curr_epoch)

        self._profiler.stop()

    def cleanup(self) -> None:
        if self._is_rank_zero:
            self._metric_logger.close()
        destroy_process_group()


@config.parse
def recipe_main(cfg: DictConfig) -> None:
    """
    Entry point for the recipe.

    Configurable parameters are read in the following order:
        - Parameters specified in config (see available configs through ``tune ls``)
        - Overwritten by arguments from the command-line
    """
    if not training.is_distributed():
        raise RuntimeError(
            "Distributed finetune recipe should be run via a distributed launcher."
            "If using tune CLI, please specify --nnodes 1 and --nproc_per_node [num_gpus]"
        )
    if cfg.get("fsdp_cpu_offload", False):
        # Utilize all available CPU cores for intra-op parallelism. This provides ~2x
        # speed up when benchmarking fused AdamW on CPU
        training.set_torch_num_threads()
    init_process_group(backend="gloo" if cfg.device == "cpu" else "nccl")

    config.log_config(recipe_name="QATLoRAFinetuneRecipeDistributed", cfg=cfg)

    recipe = QATLoRAFinetuneRecipeDistributed(cfg=cfg)
    recipe.setup(cfg=cfg)
    recipe.train()
    recipe.cleanup()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(recipe_main())