DEAD LIBRARY ?

[rexwebmedia]

Description

Multiple crashes in android and ios (mentioned in other issues too)

Razorpay Package Version :

2.3.0

Java and Gradle Version (android) :

8.14.1

Fatal Exception: java.lang.NoSuchFieldError: No field activity_result_invalid_parameters of type I in class Lcom/razorpay/R$string; or its superclasses (declaration of 'com.razorpay.R$string' appears in /data/app/~~daffZafU_iG68rc8ojj_WA==/com.procurema8.foods-N6x_9yqePGvxI67PksZjBg==/base.apk!classes2.dex)
       at com.razorpay.CheckoutPresenterImpl.setOptions(CheckoutPresenterImpl.java:294)
       at com.razorpay.BaseCheckoutActivity.onCreate(BaseCheckoutActivity.java:122)
       at com.razorpay.BaseCheckoutOtpelfActivity.onCreate(BaseCheckoutOtpelfActivity.java:25)
       at com.razorpay.CheckoutActivity.onCreate(CheckoutActivity.java)
       at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7994)
       at android.app.Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:7978)
       at android.app.Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1548)
       at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3406)
       at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:3607)
       at android.app.servertransaction.LaunchActivityItem.execute(LaunchActivityItem.java:85)
       at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.executeCallbacks(TransactionExecutor.java:135)
       at android.app.servertransaction.TransactionExecutor.execute(TransactionExecutor.java:95)
       at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:2068)
       at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:106)
       at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:223)
       at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7680)
       at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Method.java)
       at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:423)
       at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:592)
       at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:947)

The application crashed with a java.lang.NoSuchFieldError in com.razorpay.CheckoutPresenterImpl.setOptions . This crash indicates that a required resource field, activity_result_invalid_parameters of type I (integer), could not be found within the com.razorpay.R$string class or its superclasses. This type of error is relatively common when dealing with resource IDs, especially in scenarios involving build system issues, library conflicts, or improper resource handling. The stack trace shows the crash originating from the setOptions method within the CheckoutPresenterImpl class, which is subsequently called during the onCreate lifecycle method of BaseCheckoutActivity . The R$string class is a generated class containing integer IDs for string resources, and the absence of a field typically points to a discrepancy between the compiled code and the available resources.

Potential Causes:
Mismatched Library Versions: The most common cause for NoSuchFieldError related to R classes is a mismatch in library versions. If the razorpay library was compiled with a different version of the Android SDK or its resources, the generated R$string class might not contain the expected activity_result_invalid_parameters field at runtime. This can occur when different modules in a project use conflicting versions of the same library, or if the application's build process incorrectly links or compiles dependencies.
Resource Stripping/Obfuscation Issues: Build tools or obfuscation techniques (like R8/ProGuard) might be aggressively stripping or renaming resources and their corresponding R class fields. If activity_result_invalid_parameters is a legitimate resource used by the razorpay library, and it's being removed during the build process, it would lead to this error.
Corrupted Build Cache: Occasionally, a corrupted build cache can lead to issues where compiled R classes are outdated or incomplete, not reflecting the current state of resources.
APK/Dex File Corruption: While less common, the APK or DEX files could be corrupted, leading to an incorrect or incomplete R$string class at runtime.
Module Dependency Misconfiguration: If the razorpay library is included as a module, and there are build configurations that prevent its resources from being correctly merged or compiled into the final application's R class.

Analysis and Debugging Recommendations:
Verify Razorpay Library Integration:
Version Consistency: Check the build.gradle files (both app-level and project-level) to ensure that only one version of the razorpay library is being used across all modules. If there are multiple modules, confirm they all depend on the exact same version.
Resource Inclusion: Ensure that the razorpay library's AAR or JAR is correctly integrated and that its resources are being packaged with the final APK. You can decompile the base.apk (located at /data/app/~~daffZafU_iG68rc8ojj_WA==/com.procurema8.foods-N6x_9yqePGvxI67PksZjBg==/base.apk ) and inspect the resources.arsc file and the classes2.dex file to confirm the presence of the activity_result_invalid_parameters string resource and the com.razorpay.R$string class with the expected field.
ProGuard/R8 Rules: If ProGuard or R8 is enabled, add or review the keep rules for the razorpay library. Specific rules might be needed to prevent the stripping of resource fields.
Example ProGuard rule (adjust package names as necessary):

-keep public class com.razorpay.R$* { *; }
-keep class com.razorpay.** { *; }

Clean and Rebuild Project: Perform a "Clean Project" followed by "Rebuild Project" in Android Studio. This can resolve issues related to corrupted build caches or stale compiled resources.
Inspect Generated R Class:
Locate the generated R.java file for your application (usually in app/build/generated/source/r/debug/<your_package_name>/R.java ).
Search within this file for activity_result_invalid_parameters . If it's not present, it indicates the resource is missing from the compiled resources.
For the razorpay library, the R class would typically be inside the library's own AAR or DEX file. Decompiling the classes2.dex (as mentioned in the exception message) can confirm if com.razorpay.R$string contains the field.
Manufacturer-Specific Issues (OnePlus): The observation that this issue happens only on OnePlus devices is unusual for a NoSuchFieldError , as this error is typically build-time or library-related, not device-specific. However, some possibilities related to manufacturer customizations could exist:
Runtime Classloader Differences: While unlikely for NoSuchFieldError , differences in custom Android OS versions or runtime classloaders on OnePlus devices could theoretically expose subtle issues in how DEX files are loaded or how resource IDs are resolved. This is a very rare scenario for this specific error type.
Aggressive Memory Management/App Killing: OnePlus devices are known for aggressive battery optimization and background app killing. While this typically manifests as ANR s or process restarts, it's worth considering if any aspect of resource loading or class initialization is being interrupted in a unique way on these devices. This is less likely to cause NoSuchFieldError directly.
Recommendations for Manufacturer-Specific Issues:
No direct code changes are typically required to prevent NoSuchFieldError due to manufacturer differences. The fix will likely involve addressing the core library/resource issue.
Focus on robust integration: Ensure your app's dependencies are well-managed and that the build process is consistent across all environments.
Reproducibility: Attempt to reproduce the issue on a OnePlus device if possible. This would help confirm if there's any specific behavior tied to the device.

Android 11 Considerations:
The NoSuchFieldError itself is not directly related to Android 11 API changes. This error is a fundamental Java VM error indicating a missing field at runtime, irrespective of the Android version. Android 11 did introduce significant changes related to:
Scoped Storage: This affects file access, but not R class resource lookups.
Package Visibility: This affects how apps can query and interact with other installed apps, but again, not NoSuchFieldError within the app's own resources.
Background Restrictions: More stringent restrictions on background processes.
Best Way to Handle for Android 11 (and generally):
The core solution for NoSuchFieldError remains the same regardless of Android version: resolve the discrepancy between the compiled code's expectation of a resource field and its actual availability at runtime.
Code Snippets (General Best Practices for Resource Access):
While the NoSuchFieldError here points to a build/dependency issue, defensive programming around resource access can sometimes help prevent related crashes, though it won't fix the root cause of a missing field.
Avoid hardcoding resource IDs: Always use R.string.your_string_name instead of integer literals. This is already what the razorpay library is attempting.
Graceful fallback (not applicable for NoSuchFieldError ): For other resource-related issues like Resources.NotFoundException (which is different from NoSuchFieldError ), you might provide fallbacks:

// This is NOT a direct solution for NoSuchFieldError, but good practice for other resource issues.
try {
    String result = context.getString(R.string.activity_result_invalid_parameters);
    // Use the string
} catch (Resources.NotFoundException e) {
    // Handle case where resource might be missing (e.g., provide a default string)
    Log.e("Checkout", "Resource not found: activity_result_invalid_parameters", e);
    // Fallback to a default string or show an error to the user
    String result = "Error: Invalid parameters";
}

Note: A NoSuchFieldError occurs before the getString method is even invoked on a Resources object. It happens at the bytecode level when the JVM tries to access a static field ( activity_result_invalid_parameters ) that does not exist in the R$string class. Therefore, a try-catch block around getString won't prevent this specific crash type. The solution must involve ensuring the field exists at runtime.
Preventive Steps / Best Practices:
Dependency Management:
Use a consistent dependency management strategy (e.g., BOMs - Bill of Materials, or explicit versioning) to ensure all modules use the same library versions.
Regularly update libraries, but do so systematically, testing after each update to catch breaking changes.
ProGuard/R8 Rules: Maintain a well-documented and tested set of ProGuard/R8 rules. Libraries often provide recommended rules in their documentation. If you're using minifyEnabled true , always test thoroughly with obfuscation.
Automated Testing: Implement UI tests (e.g., Espresso) and unit tests that cover critical application flows, especially those involving third-party libraries, to catch integration issues early.
CI/CD Pipeline: Integrate clean builds and comprehensive testing into your CI/CD pipeline to detect build and resource issues before they reach users.
Decompilation & Inspection: For hard-to-debug NoSuchFieldError issues, consider decompiling your APK or relevant .dex files to verify that the R classes and resources are packaged as expected. Tools like dex2jar and JD-GUI can be helpful.