Rollup merge of #142267 - workingjubilee:debug-assert-less-in-ast-lowering, r=oli-obk

assert more in release in `rustc_ast_lowering`

My understanding of the compiler's architecture is that in the `ast_lowering` crate, we are constructing the HIR as a one-time thing per crate. This is after tokenizing, parsing, resolution, expansion, possible reparsing, reresolution, reexpansion, and so on. In other words, there are many reasons that perf-focused PRs spend a lot of time touching `rustc_parse`, `rustc_expand`, `rustc_ast`, and then `rustc_hir` and "onwards", but `ast_lowering` is a little bit of an odd duck.

In this crate, we have a number of debug assertions. Some are clearly expensive checks that seem like they are prohibitive to run in actual optimized compiler builds, but then there are a number that are simple asserts on integer equalities, `is_empty`, or the like. I believe we should do some of them even in release builds, because the correctness gain is worth the performance cost: almost zero.

Author: matthiaskrgr