diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d3d81e87..79989127 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "getrandom",
  "once_cell",
  "version_check",
  "zerocopy",
@@ -633,6 +634,12 @@ version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c3ac9f8b63eca6fd385229b3675f6cc0dc5c8a5c8a54a59d4f52ffd670d87b0c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bytemuck"
+version = "1.17.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6fd4c6dcc3b0aea2f5c0b4b82c2b15fe39ddbc76041a310848f4706edf76bb31"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
 version = "1.4.3"
@@ -754,7 +761,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
  "clap_derive",
  "clap_lex",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
  "once_cell",
  "strsim",
  "termcolor",
@@ -882,6 +889,15 @@ version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e496a50fda8aacccc86d7529e2c1e0892dbd0f898a6b5645b5561b89c3210efa"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cpp_demangle"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7e8227005286ec39567949b33df9896bcadfa6051bccca2488129f108ca23119"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
 version = "0.2.6"
@@ -1090,6 +1106,15 @@ version = "2.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c2e66c9d817f1720209181c316d28635c050fa304f9c79e47a520882661b7308"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "debugid"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bef552e6f588e446098f6ba40d89ac146c8c7b64aade83c051ee00bb5d2bc18d"
+dependencies = [
+ "uuid 1.10.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "der"
 version = "0.7.8"
@@ -1255,6 +1280,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "termcolor",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "equivalent"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
 version = "0.3.3"
@@ -1295,7 +1326,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha2",
  "sha3 0.10.6",
  "thiserror",
- "uuid",
+ "uuid 0.8.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1495,6 +1526,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "findshlibs"
+version = "0.10.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40b9e59cd0f7e0806cca4be089683ecb6434e602038df21fe6bf6711b2f07f64"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fixed-hash"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1757,7 +1800,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "futures-sink",
  "futures-util",
  "http",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
  "slab",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-util",
@@ -2162,6 +2205,34 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.12.3",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "2.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "93ead53efc7ea8ed3cfb0c79fc8023fbb782a5432b52830b6518941cebe6505c"
+dependencies = [
+ "equivalent",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "inferno"
+version = "0.11.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "232929e1d75fe899576a3d5c7416ad0d88dbfbb3c3d6aa00873a7408a50ddb88"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "indexmap 2.4.0",
+ "is-terminal",
+ "itoa",
+ "log",
+ "num-format",
+ "once_cell",
+ "quick-xml",
+ "rgb",
+ "str_stack",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "inout"
 version = "0.1.3"
@@ -2190,6 +2261,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.10.5",
  "log",
  "log4rs",
+ "pprof",
  "prover",
  "rand",
  "revm 3.5.0",
@@ -2431,6 +2503,15 @@ version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2dffe52ecf27772e601905b7522cb4ef790d2cc203488bbd0e2fe85fcb74566d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "memmap2"
+version = "0.9.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "45fd3a57831bf88bc63f8cebc0cf956116276e97fef3966103e96416209f7c92"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -2518,6 +2599,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "zktrie",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nix"
+version = "0.26.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "598beaf3cc6fdd9a5dfb1630c2800c7acd31df7aaf0f565796fba2b53ca1af1b"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nom"
 version = "7.1.3"
@@ -2574,6 +2666,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-format"
+version = "0.4.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a652d9771a63711fd3c3deb670acfbe5c30a4072e664d7a3bf5a9e1056ac72c3"
+dependencies = [
+ "arrayvec",
+ "itoa",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-integer"
 version = "0.1.45"
@@ -2933,6 +3035,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pprof"
+version = "0.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ef5c97c51bd34c7e742402e216abdeb44d415fbe6ae41d56b114723e953711cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "backtrace",
+ "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "findshlibs",
+ "inferno",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "nix",
+ "once_cell",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "smallvec",
+ "symbolic-demangle",
+ "tempfile",
+ "thiserror",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
 version = "0.2.17"
@@ -3081,6 +3204,15 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a1d01941d82fa2ab50be1e79e6714289dd7cde78eba4c074bc5a4374f650dfe0"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "quick-xml"
+version = "0.26.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7f50b1c63b38611e7d4d7f68b82d3ad0cc71a2ad2e7f61fc10f1328d917c93cd"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
 version = "1.0.36"
@@ -3373,6 +3505,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rgb"
+version = "0.8.48"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f86ae463694029097b846d8f99fd5536740602ae00022c0c50c5600720b2f71"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytemuck",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ring"
 version = "0.16.20"
@@ -4008,6 +4149,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "der",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "stable_deref_trait"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a8f112729512f8e442d81f95a8a7ddf2b7c6b8a1a6f509a95864142b30cab2d3"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "stacker"
 version = "0.1.15"
@@ -4027,6 +4174,12 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "str_stack"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9091b6114800a5f2141aee1d1b9d6ca3592ac062dc5decb3764ec5895a47b4eb"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
 version = "0.10.0"
@@ -4093,6 +4246,29 @@ version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "81cdd64d312baedb58e21336b31bc043b77e01cc99033ce76ef539f78e965ebc"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "symbolic-common"
+version = "12.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "16629323a4ec5268ad23a575110a724ad4544aae623451de600c747bf87b36cf"
+dependencies = [
+ "debugid",
+ "memmap2",
+ "stable_deref_trait",
+ "uuid 1.10.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "symbolic-demangle"
+version = "12.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "48c043a45f08f41187414592b3ceb53fb0687da57209cc77401767fb69d5b596"
+dependencies = [
+ "cpp_demangle",
+ "rustc-demangle",
+ "symbolic-common",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
 version = "1.0.109"
@@ -4305,7 +4481,7 @@ version = "0.19.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "239410c8609e8125456927e6707163a3b1fdb40561e4b803bc041f466ccfdc13"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
  "toml_datetime",
  "winnow",
 ]
@@ -4481,6 +4657,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "uuid"
+version = "1.10.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "81dfa00651efa65069b0b6b651f4aaa31ba9e3c3ce0137aaad053604ee7e0314"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "valuable"
 version = "0.1.0"
diff --git a/integration/Cargo.toml b/integration/Cargo.toml
index a2f87f33..daec735d 100644
--- a/integration/Cargo.toml
+++ b/integration/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ snark-verifier-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/snark-verifier", br
 halo2_proofs.workspace = true
 prover.workspace = true
 
+pprof = { version = "0.13", features = ["flamegraph"], optional = true }
+
 [features]
 default = ["prove_verify"]
 prove_verify = []
+pprof = ["dep:pprof"]
diff --git a/integration/tests/unit_tests.rs b/integration/tests/unit_tests.rs
index eae39470..8eb63c4a 100644
--- a/integration/tests/unit_tests.rs
+++ b/integration/tests/unit_tests.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use integration::{
 };
 use prover::{
     io::read_all,
-    utils::{init_env_and_log, short_git_version},
+    utils::{init_env_and_log, short_git_version, read_env_var},
     zkevm::circuit::{block_traces_to_witness_block, TargetCircuit},
 };
 
@@ -126,9 +126,42 @@ fn estimate_circuit_rows() {
     init_env_and_log("integration");
     prepare_circuit_capacity_checker();
 
+    let repeated = read_env_var("PROF_REPEAT", 20);
+
     let (_, block_trace) = load_chunk_for_test();
-    let witness_block = block_traces_to_witness_block(block_trace).unwrap();
+
+    let mut block_traces = (0..repeated)
+        .map(|_| block_trace.clone())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
     log::info!("estimating used rows");
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "pprof")]
+    let guard = pprof::ProfilerGuardBuilder::default()
+        .frequency(1000)
+        .blocklist(&["libc", "libgcc", "pthread", "vdso"])
+        .build()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let now = std::time::Instant::now();
+
+    for _ in 0..repeated {
+        let block_trace = std::hint::black_box(&mut block_traces).pop().unwrap();
+        let witness_block = block_traces_to_witness_block(std::hint::black_box(block_trace)).unwrap();
+        let row_usage = <prover::zkevm::circuit::SuperCircuit as TargetCircuit>::Inner::min_num_rows_block_subcircuits(std::hint::black_box(&witness_block));
+        std::mem::forget(std::hint::black_box(witness_block));
+        std::mem::forget(std::hint::black_box(row_usage));
+    }
+
+    let ccc_elapsed = now.elapsed();
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "pprof")]
+    if let Ok(report) = guard.report().build() {
+        let file = std::fs::File::create("flamegraph.svg").unwrap();
+        report.flamegraph(file).unwrap();
+    };
+
+    let witness_block = block_traces_to_witness_block(block_trace).unwrap();
     let row_usage = <prover::zkevm::circuit::SuperCircuit as TargetCircuit>::Inner::min_num_rows_block_subcircuits(&witness_block);
     let r = row_usage
         .iter()
@@ -136,4 +169,9 @@ fn estimate_circuit_rows() {
         .unwrap()
         .clone();
     log::info!("final rows: {} {}", r.row_num_real, r.name);
+
+    log::info!(
+        "ccc_elapsed: {:.2}ms",
+        ccc_elapsed.as_millis() as f64 / repeated as f64
+    );
 }