Merge bitcoin#17205: ci: Enable address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking

8d22ab0 ci: Enable address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking (practicalswift)

Pull request description:

  Enable address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking (`detect_stack_use_after_return=1`).

  Example:

  ```
  #include <iostream>
  #include <string>

  const std::string& get_string(int i) {
      return std::to_string(i);
  }

  int main() {
      std::cout << get_string(41) << "\n";
  }
  ```

  Without address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking:

  ```
  $ ./stack-use-after-return

  $
  ```

  With address sanitizer (ASan) stack-use-after-return checking:

  ```
  $ ASAN_OPTIONS="detect_stack_use_after_return=1" ./stack-use-after-return
  =================================================================
  ==10400==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: stack-use-after-return on address 0x7f7fa0400030 at pc 0x00000049d2cc bp 0x7ffcbd617070 sp 0x7ffcbd616820
  READ of size 2 at 0x7f7abbecd030 thread T0
      #0 0x439781 in fwrite
      #1 0x7f7ac0504cb3 in std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::__ostream_insert<char, std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&, char const*, long) (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6+0x113cb3)
      #2 0x4f9b5f in main stack-use-after-return.cpp:9:15
      bitcoin#3 0x7f7abf440b96 in __libc_start_main
      bitcoin#4 0x41bbc9 in _start
  …
  $
  ```

Top commit has no ACKs.

Tree-SHA512: 6557a9ff184023380fd9aa433cdf413e01a928ea99dbc59ec138e5d69cb9e13592e8bb5951612f231ff17a37a895bec5c0940c8db5f328a5c840a5771bdeeba5

Author: MarcoFalke

ci/test/04_install.sh

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fi
 export DIR_FUZZ_IN=${DIR_QA_ASSETS}/fuzz_seed_corpus/
 
 mkdir -p "${BASE_BUILD_DIR}/sanitizer-output/"
-export ASAN_OPTIONS=""
+export ASAN_OPTIONS="detect_stack_use_after_return=1"
 export LSAN_OPTIONS="suppressions=${BASE_BUILD_DIR}/test/sanitizer_suppressions/lsan"
 export TSAN_OPTIONS="suppressions=${BASE_BUILD_DIR}/test/sanitizer_suppressions/tsan:log_path=${BASE_BUILD_DIR}/sanitizer-output/tsan"
 export UBSAN_OPTIONS="suppressions=${BASE_BUILD_DIR}/test/sanitizer_suppressions/ubsan:print_stacktrace=1:halt_on_error=1"