imgmath: Avoid parallel workers depth write race

Ensure parallel workers do not try to write the image depth
multiple times to achieve reproducible builds.

Typically my svg files ended up like this:
```
...
<!-- DEPTH=0 -->
<!-- DEPTH=0 -->
```
So images were not the same and sometimes the depth was incorrect too.

Introduces a new dependency to the filelock module.

Author: jschueller

pyproject.toml

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "roman-numerals-py>=1.0.0",
     "packaging>=23.0",
     "colorama>=0.4.6; sys_platform == 'win32'",
+    "filelock>=3.0",
 ]
 dynamic = ["version"]
 

sphinx/ext/imgmath.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
+import filelock
 from docutils import nodes
 
 import sphinx
@@ -29,6 +30,8 @@
 from sphinx.util.template import LaTeXRenderer
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Any
+
     from docutils.nodes import Element
 
     from sphinx.application import Sphinx
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ def read_svg_depth(filename: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> int | None:
 def write_svg_depth(filename: Path, depth: int) -> None:
     """Write the depth to SVG file as a comment at end of file"""
     with open(filename, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-        f.write('\n<!-- DEPTH=%s -->' % depth)
+        f.write(f'\n<!-- DEPTH={depth} -->')
 
 
 def generate_latex_macro(
@@ -266,36 +269,45 @@ def render_math(
     )
     generated_path = self.builder.outdir / self.builder.imagedir / 'math' / filename
     generated_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    if generated_path.is_file():
-        if image_format == 'png':
-            depth = read_png_depth(generated_path)
-        elif image_format == 'svg':
-            depth = read_svg_depth(generated_path)
-        return generated_path, depth
-
-    # if latex or dvipng (dvisvgm) has failed once, don't bother to try again
-    latex_failed = hasattr(self.builder, '_imgmath_warned_latex')
-    trans_failed = hasattr(self.builder, '_imgmath_warned_image_translator')
-    if latex_failed or trans_failed:
-        return None, None
-
-    # .tex -> .dvi
-    try:
-        dvipath = compile_math(latex, self.builder)
-    except InvokeError:
-        self.builder._imgmath_warned_latex = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-        return None, None
-
-    # .dvi -> .png/.svg
-    try:
-        if image_format == 'png':
-            depth = convert_dvi_to_png(dvipath, self.builder, generated_path)
-        elif image_format == 'svg':
-            depth = convert_dvi_to_svg(dvipath, self.builder, generated_path)
-    except InvokeError:
-        self.builder._imgmath_warned_image_translator = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-        return None, None
 
+    # ensure parallel workers do not try to write the image depth
+    # multiple times to achieve reproducible builds
+    lock: Any = contextlib.nullcontext()
+    if self.builder.parallel_ok:
+        lock = filelock.FileLock(generated_path.with_suffix(generated_path.suffix + '.lock'))
+
+    with lock:
+        if not generated_path.is_file():
+            # if latex or dvipng (dvisvgm) has failed once, don't bother to try again
+            latex_failed = hasattr(self.builder, '_imgmath_warned_latex')
+            trans_failed = hasattr(self.builder, '_imgmath_warned_image_translator')
+            if latex_failed or trans_failed:
+                return None, None
+
+            # .tex -> .dvi
+            try:
+                dvipath = compile_math(latex, self.builder)
+            except InvokeError:
+                self.builder._imgmath_warned_latex = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                return None, None
+
+            # .dvi -> .png/.svg
+            try:
+                if image_format == 'png':
+                    depth = convert_dvi_to_png(dvipath, self.builder, generated_path)
+                elif image_format == 'svg':
+                    depth = convert_dvi_to_svg(dvipath, self.builder, generated_path)
+            except InvokeError:
+                self.builder._imgmath_warned_image_translator = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                return None, None
+
+            return generated_path, depth
+
+    # at this point it has been created
+    if image_format == 'png':
+        depth = read_png_depth(generated_path)
+    elif image_format == 'svg':
+        depth = read_svg_depth(generated_path)
     return generated_path, depth
 
 
@@ -319,11 +331,16 @@ def clean_up_files(app: Sphinx, exc: Exception) -> None:
         with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
             shutil.rmtree(app.builder._imgmath_tempdir)
 
+    math_outdir = app.builder.outdir / app.builder.imagedir / 'math'
     if app.builder.config.imgmath_embed:
         # in embed mode, the images are still generated in the math output dir
         # to be shared across workers, but are not useful to the final document
         with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
-            shutil.rmtree(app.builder.outdir / app.builder.imagedir / 'math')
+            shutil.rmtree(math_outdir)
+    else:
+        # cleanup lock files when using parallel workers
+        for lockfile in math_outdir.glob('*.lock'):
+            Path.unlink(lockfile)
 
 
 def get_tooltip(self: HTML5Translator, node: Element) -> str:
@@ -383,7 +400,7 @@ def html_visit_displaymath(self: HTML5Translator, node: nodes.math_block) -> Non
     self.body.append('<p>')
     if node['number']:
         number = get_node_equation_number(self, node)
-        self.body.append('<span class="eqno">(%s)' % number)
+        self.body.append(f'<span class="eqno">({number})')
         self.add_permalink_ref(node, _('Link to this equation'))
         self.body.append('</span>')