refactor: allow ruff to update Optional/Union usage to | syntax

Author: bellini666

RELEASE.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Release type: minor
 
-This release drops support for Python 3.9, which reached its end-of-life (EOL)
-in October 2025. The minimum supported Python version is now 3.10.
+This release drops updates our strawberry's codebase to use the "|" syntax for
+Optional and Union types, which was introduced in Python 3.10.
 
-We strongly recommend upgrading to Python 3.10 or a newer version, as older
-versions are no longer maintained and may contain security vulnerabilities.
+This change improves code readability and aligns with modern Python practices,
+and should not affect existing functionality.

federation-compatibility/schema.py

@@ -121,13 +121,13 @@ class Custom: ...
 @strawberry.federation.type(extend=True, keys=["email"])
 class User:
     email: strawberry.ID = strawberry.federation.field(external=True)
-    name: Optional[str] = strawberry.federation.field(override="users")
-    total_products_created: Optional[int] = strawberry.federation.field(external=True)
+    name: str | None = strawberry.federation.field(override="users")
+    total_products_created: int | None = strawberry.federation.field(external=True)
     years_of_employment: int = strawberry.federation.field(external=True)
 
     # TODO: the camel casing will be fixed in a future release of Strawberry
     @strawberry.federation.field(requires=["totalProductsCreated", "yearsOfEmployment"])
-    def average_products_created_per_year(self) -> Optional[int]:
+    def average_products_created_per_year(self) -> int | None:
         if self.total_products_created is not None:
             return round(self.total_products_created / self.years_of_employment)
 
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ def resolve_reference(cls, **data: Any) -> Optional["User"]:
 
 @strawberry.federation.type(shareable=True)
 class ProductDimension:
-    size: Optional[str]
-    weight: Optional[float]
-    unit: Optional[str] = strawberry.federation.field(inaccessible=True)
+    size: str | None
+    weight: float | None
+    unit: str | None = strawberry.federation.field(inaccessible=True)
 
 
 @strawberry.type
@@ -163,13 +163,13 @@ class ProductVariation:
 @strawberry.type
 class CaseStudy:
     case_number: strawberry.ID
-    description: Optional[str]
+    description: str | None
 
 
 @strawberry.federation.type(keys=["study { caseNumber }"])
 class ProductResearch:
     study: CaseStudy
-    outcome: Optional[str]
+    outcome: str | None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_data(cls, data: dict) -> "ProductResearch":
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ def resolve_reference(cls, **data: Any) -> Optional["ProductResearch"]:
 class DeprecatedProduct:
     sku: str
     package: str
-    reason: Optional[str]
-    created_by: Optional[User]
+    reason: str | None
+    created_by: User | None
 
     @classmethod
     def resolve_reference(cls, **data: Any) -> Optional["DeprecatedProduct"]:
@@ -231,27 +231,27 @@ def resolve_reference(cls, **data: Any) -> Optional["DeprecatedProduct"]:
 )
 class Product:
     id: strawberry.ID
-    sku: Optional[str]
-    package: Optional[str]
+    sku: str | None
+    package: str | None
     variation_id: strawberry.Private[str]
 
     @strawberry.field
-    def variation(self) -> Optional[ProductVariation]:
+    def variation(self) -> ProductVariation | None:
         return (
             ProductVariation(strawberry.ID(self.variation_id))
             if self.variation_id
             else None
         )
 
     @strawberry.field
-    def dimensions(self) -> Optional[ProductDimension]:
+    def dimensions(self) -> ProductDimension | None:
         return ProductDimension(**dimension)
 
     @strawberry.federation.field(provides=["totalProductsCreated"])
-    def created_by(self) -> Optional[User]:
+    def created_by(self) -> User | None:
         return User(**user)
 
-    notes: Optional[str] = strawberry.federation.field(tags=["internal"])
+    notes: str | None = strawberry.federation.field(tags=["internal"])
     research: list[ProductResearch]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ def resolve_reference(cls, id: strawberry.ID) -> "Inventory":
 
 @strawberry.federation.type(extend=True)
 class Query:
-    product: Optional[Product] = strawberry.field(resolver=get_product_by_id)
+    product: Product | None = strawberry.field(resolver=get_product_by_id)
 
     @strawberry.field(deprecation_reason="Use product query instead")
-    def deprecated_product(self, sku: str, package: str) -> Optional[DeprecatedProduct]:
+    def deprecated_product(self, sku: str, package: str) -> DeprecatedProduct | None:
         return None
 
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -225,13 +225,6 @@ src = ["strawberry", "tests"]
 [tool.ruff.lint]
 select = ["ALL"]
 ignore = [
-  # https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/4427
-  # equivalent to keep-runtime-typing. We might want to enable those
-  # after we drop support for Python 3.9
-  "UP006",
-  "UP007",
-  "UP045",
-
   # we use asserts in tests and to hint mypy
   "S101",
 
@@ -339,6 +332,9 @@ ignore = [
   "W191",
   "PLR0915",
 ]
+exclude = [
+  "tests/python_312/*",
+] # SyntaxError because of syntax only added at 3.12
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
 ".github/*" = ["INP001"]

strawberry/aiohttp/test/client.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    Optional,
 )
 
 from strawberry.test.client import BaseGraphQLTestClient, Response
@@ -17,11 +16,11 @@ class GraphQLTestClient(BaseGraphQLTestClient):
     async def query(
         self,
         query: str,
-        variables: Optional[dict[str, Mapping]] = None,
-        headers: Optional[dict[str, object]] = None,
-        asserts_errors: Optional[bool] = None,
-        files: Optional[dict[str, object]] = None,
-        assert_no_errors: Optional[bool] = True,
+        variables: dict[str, Mapping] | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, object] | None = None,
+        asserts_errors: bool | None = None,
+        files: dict[str, object] | None = None,
+        assert_no_errors: bool | None = True,
     ) -> Response:
         body = self._build_body(query, variables, files)
 
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ async def query(
     async def request(
         self,
         body: dict[str, object],
-        headers: Optional[dict[str, object]] = None,
-        files: Optional[dict[str, object]] = None,
+        headers: dict[str, object] | None = None,
+        files: dict[str, object] | None = None,
     ) -> Any:
         return await self._client.post(
             self.url,

strawberry/aiohttp/views.py

@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 from json.decoder import JSONDecodeError
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
-    Optional,
     TypeGuard,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from lia import AiohttpHTTPRequestAdapter, HTTPException
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ async def close(self, code: int, reason: str) -> None:
 class GraphQLView(
     AsyncBaseHTTPView[
         web.Request,
-        Union[web.Response, web.StreamResponse],
+        web.Response | web.StreamResponse,
         web.Response,
         web.Request,
         web.WebSocketResponse,
@@ -91,8 +89,8 @@ class GraphQLView(
     def __init__(
         self,
         schema: BaseSchema,
-        graphiql: Optional[bool] = None,
-        graphql_ide: Optional[GraphQL_IDE] = "graphiql",
+        graphiql: bool | None = None,
+        graphql_ide: GraphQL_IDE | None = "graphiql",
         allow_queries_via_get: bool = True,
         keep_alive: bool = True,
         keep_alive_interval: float = 1,
@@ -131,12 +129,12 @@ def is_websocket_request(self, request: web.Request) -> TypeGuard[web.Request]:
         ws = web.WebSocketResponse(protocols=self.subscription_protocols)
         return ws.can_prepare(request).ok
 
-    async def pick_websocket_subprotocol(self, request: web.Request) -> Optional[str]:
+    async def pick_websocket_subprotocol(self, request: web.Request) -> str | None:
         ws = web.WebSocketResponse(protocols=self.subscription_protocols)
         return ws.can_prepare(request).protocol
 
     async def create_websocket_response(
-        self, request: web.Request, subprotocol: Optional[str]
+        self, request: web.Request, subprotocol: str | None
     ) -> web.WebSocketResponse:
         protocols = [subprotocol] if subprotocol else []
         ws = web.WebSocketResponse(protocols=protocols)
@@ -152,17 +150,17 @@ async def __call__(self, request: web.Request) -> web.StreamResponse:
                 status=e.status_code,
             )
 
-    async def get_root_value(self, request: web.Request) -> Optional[RootValue]:
+    async def get_root_value(self, request: web.Request) -> RootValue | None:
         return None
 
     async def get_context(
-        self, request: web.Request, response: Union[web.Response, web.WebSocketResponse]
+        self, request: web.Request, response: web.Response | web.WebSocketResponse
     ) -> Context:
         return {"request": request, "response": response}  # type: ignore
 
     def create_response(
         self,
-        response_data: Union[GraphQLHTTPResponse, list[GraphQLHTTPResponse]],
+        response_data: GraphQLHTTPResponse | list[GraphQLHTTPResponse],
         sub_response: web.Response,
     ) -> web.Response:
         sub_response.text = self.encode_json(response_data)

strawberry/annotation.py

@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@
     Annotated,
     Any,
     ForwardRef,
-    Optional,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     cast,
     get_args,
     get_origin,
@@ -61,14 +59,14 @@ class StrawberryAnnotation:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        annotation: Union[object, str],
+        annotation: object | str,
         *,
-        namespace: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        namespace: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.raw_annotation = annotation
         self.namespace = namespace
 
-        self.__resolve_cache__: Optional[Union[StrawberryType, type]] = None
+        self.__resolve_cache__: StrawberryType | type | None = None
 
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
         if not isinstance(other, StrawberryAnnotation):
@@ -81,8 +79,8 @@ def __hash__(self) -> int:
 
     @staticmethod
     def from_annotation(
-        annotation: object, namespace: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
-    ) -> Optional[StrawberryAnnotation]:
+        annotation: object, namespace: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> StrawberryAnnotation | None:
         if annotation is None:
             return None
 
@@ -91,7 +89,7 @@ def from_annotation(
         return annotation
 
     @property
-    def annotation(self) -> Union[object, str]:
+    def annotation(self) -> object | str:
         """Return evaluated type on success or fallback to raw (string) annotation."""
         try:
             return self.evaluate()
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ def annotation(self) -> Union[object, str]:
             return self.raw_annotation
 
     @annotation.setter
-    def annotation(self, value: Union[object, str]) -> None:
+    def annotation(self, value: object | str) -> None:
         self.raw_annotation = value
 
         self.__resolve_cache__ = None
@@ -131,8 +129,8 @@ def _get_type_with_args(
     def resolve(
         self,
         *,
-        type_definition: Optional[StrawberryObjectDefinition] = None,
-    ) -> Union[StrawberryType, type]:
+        type_definition: StrawberryObjectDefinition | None = None,
+    ) -> StrawberryType | type:
         """Return resolved (transformed) annotation."""
         if (resolved := self.__resolve_cache__) is None:
             resolved = self._resolve()
@@ -161,11 +159,11 @@ def resolve(
 
         return resolved
 
-    def _resolve(self) -> Union[StrawberryType, type]:
+    def _resolve(self) -> StrawberryType | type:
         evaled_type = cast("Any", self.evaluate())
         return self._resolve_evaled_type(evaled_type)
 
-    def _resolve_evaled_type(self, evaled_type: Any) -> Union[StrawberryType, type]:
+    def _resolve_evaled_type(self, evaled_type: Any) -> StrawberryType | type:
         if is_private(evaled_type):
             return evaled_type
 
@@ -247,7 +245,7 @@ def create_optional(self, evaled_type: Any) -> StrawberryOptional:
         # passed as we can safely use `Union` for both optional types
         # (e.g. `Optional[str]`) and optional unions (e.g.
         # `Optional[Union[TypeA, TypeB]]`)
-        child_type = Union[non_optional_types]  # type: ignore
+        child_type = non_optional_types  # type: ignore
 
         of_type = StrawberryAnnotation(
             annotation=child_type,
@@ -324,7 +322,7 @@ def _is_enum(cls, annotation: Any) -> bool:
         return issubclass(annotation, Enum)
 
     @classmethod
-    def _is_type_generic(cls, type_: Union[StrawberryType, type]) -> bool:
+    def _is_type_generic(cls, type_: StrawberryType | type) -> bool:
         """Returns True if `resolver_type` is generic else False."""
         from strawberry.types.base import StrawberryType