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+---
+title: "Best Clerk Open Source Alternatives for Authentication in 2025"
+date: "2025-05-11"
+description: "Explore top open-source alternatives to Clerk for user authentication, including pros, features, and integration tips for developers."
+# cover: "firebase-alternatives.png"
+category: "featured"
+author: "Maria Shimkovska"
+---
+
+The demand for open-source authentication platforms is growing as developers and organizations seek more control, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Cloud-based auth services like Clerk offer convenient pre-built sign-in and user-management UIs, but they often come with licensing fees, vendor lock-in, and limited self-hosting options. 
+
+In contrast, open-source solutions can be self-hosted for data sovereignty and customized extensively. This article explores why teams are evaluating Clerk alternatives and presents five leading open-source options, along with key criteria for comparison and migration tips. Developers facing high authentication costs, rigid pricing models, or compliance requirements often look beyond Clerk. Many seek features like passwordless login, multi-factor auth, and robust session management without being tied to a proprietary API. 
+
+Open-source identity platforms let teams inspect code, self-host on their own servers or cloud, and avoid monthly Active User (MAU) fees. They also allow custom branding and workflows that closed-source SaaS products may not support. Below we explain the motivation for alternatives and outline what technical factors to consider when choosing an auth provider.
+
+## Why Look for Clerk Alternatives?
+
+### What is Clerk? 
+Clerk is a cloud-based, developer-centric authentication and user-management suite. It provides pre-built, embeddable UI components and APIs for sign-in, sign-up, user profiles, organizations, and more. Clerk’s documentation notes it is “API-first” with “well-documented SDKs” and focuses on enhancing the developer experience and user-facing flows.
+
+This makes Clerk popular with startups and SMBs that want to ship auth quickly using React/Next.js components. However, Clerk is a managed, closed-source service. This means it runs on Clerk’s infrastructure and is priced per user, which can become expensive at scale. It also means you can’t self-host it – your data and authentication logic live in Clerk’s cloud.
+
+### Why Developers Seek Clerk Alternatives
+
+Many teams outgrow Clerk’s model due to costs and control issues. For example, Clerk’s pricing (based on monthly active users) can rise quickly for fast-growing apps, and its license is proprietary. There is no Apache/MIT license to audit, modify, or fork the code. Vendor lock-in is another concern: once your app relies on Clerk’s APIs and UI flows, migrating away can be challenging. 
+
+Self-hosting is limited or unavailable, so you must trust Clerk’s uptime and data handling. Transparency and customization can also be pain points – closed-source services hide their internal implementation, and any custom feature requests depend on the vendor. In summary, teams look for open-source Clerk alternatives to regain control over authentication, avoid vendor lock-in, reduce costs, and potentially improve security through auditability.
+
+## Evaluation Criteria for Open Source Authentication Solutions
+
+When comparing open-source auth platforms, developers should consider several core and operational features:
+
+* **Authentication Methods:** Support for username/password, email & magic links (passwordless), multi-factor (TOTP, SMS, etc.), social logins (OAuth2), SSO protocols (OIDC, SAML), and WebAuthn/passkeys. A strong solution offers modern options like passkeys and OTP-based login.
+* **User Management & Sessions:** Robust session management (refresh tokens, anti-CSRF, JWT or cookie strategies), user profile management, and optional organization/multi-tenant support. Check if the platform tracks sessions and allows secure token revocation.
+* **SDKs and Framework Support:** Native SDKs or libraries for popular frontend and backend frameworks (React, Node.js, Next.js, Express, etc.). Good documentation and example apps are crucial for developer experience.
+* **Hosting Flexibility:** Ability to self-host vs managed cloud. Container or Helm chart support for on-prem or cloud deployments. The more deployment options (Docker, Kubernetes, serverless), the better.
+* **Customization and Extensibility:** Ability to customize UI (login/registration screens), extend workflows with custom logic or webhooks, and add features (e.g. custom SMTP for email). An open architecture and plugin system can help.
+* **Security and Compliance:** Built-in support for 2FA/MFA, auditing/logging, breach detection, and compliance (e.g. GDPR) features. Open-source code also allows security auditing by third parties.
+* **License Type:** Truly open-source licenses (Apache 2.0, MIT, BSD, AGPL) that allow use and modification without restrictive terms. Be cautious of “source available” projects with license fees.
+* **Community and Maintenance:** Active community or commercial backing, frequent releases, and clear roadmaps. A healthy project typically has lots of GitHub stars, forks, and recent commits, indicating it’s maintained and secure.
+
+Evaluating these criteria helps ensure the alternative can match Clerk’s features (like passwordless login, prebuilt UI, etc.) while offering the open-source benefits (self-hosting, no vendor lock-in).
+
+## Top 5 Open Source Alternatives to Clerk
+
+### 1. SuperTokens
+
+SuperTokens is an open-source authentication solution that aims to replace platforms like Auth0, Firebase Auth, and AWS Cognito. Its GitHub describes it as offering “different types of login: Email/password, Passwordless (OTP or Magic link based), Social/OAuth2, etc.” with built-in session and user management. 
+
+SuperTokens is modular and self-hostable, meaning you can pick only the recipes you need (e.g. email/password, passwordless, social login) and deploy them on your own infrastructure. It also offers a managed cloud option if desired.
+
+#### Key Features:
+
+* **Passwordless Login:** Built-in support for OTP or magic-link email logins. (Users can sign in with a code or link instead of a password.)
+* **Social/OAuth2 Logins:** Easily integrate third-party auth providers (Google, GitHub, etc.) via OAuth 2.0 flows.
+* **Session Management:** Secure session handling with refresh tokens and anti-CSRF. Provides self-contained tokens and a session API.
+* **User Management:** APIs to create, read, update, and delete users. Secure account linking and email verification flows.
+* **Modular Recipes:** Choose which features to install (EmailPassword, SocialLogin, Multi-factor, etc.). This keeps the core lightweight.
+* **Self-Hosting:** You can run the SuperTokens core on-premises or in your cloud. (There’s also an official Docker and Helm chart.)
+* **Enterprise Add-ons:** Optional add-ons like multi-tenancy and account linking if needed.
+* **Open License:** Apache-2.0 (permissive) license; over 12k stars on GitHub.
+
+#### Pros: 
+* **Completely open-source** and self-hostable – no vendor lock-in or MAU fees.
+* **Very customizable:** drop-in SDKs but you can override almost any behavior.
+* **Friendly for developers:** good docs, CLI setup, and quickstart examples. Claims “set up in a few minutes” via CLI.
+* **Strong session logic** (token rotation, anti-CSRF, etc.) out-of-the-box.
+* **Active community** and GitHub ecosystem (dozens of example projects and guides).
+
+#### Best Use Case
+Teams that want a modern, flexible auth system they can fully control. SuperTokens works well for web or mobile apps (React, Node, etc.) where you want passwordless and social login with secure sessions. It is ideal if you prefer an auth-as-library approach (vs a fully managed service). It’s also a great starting point if you already suspect you’ll need to customize flows or run auth on your own servers.
+
+🐙 **GitHub:** supertokens/supertokens-core (Apache-2.0) – with many additional official repos (node, React, etc.)
+
+***
+
+### 2. Authentik
+
+Authentik is a self-hosted, open-source identity provider focusing on flexibility. Its GitHub tagline calls it “the authentication glue you need,” and notes it emphasizes flexibility and supports a “wide set of protocols”.
+
+Authentik offers enterprise-grade features like SAML, LDAP/Active Directory integration, and fine-grained workflows, all while remaining open source. It’s written in Python/Django and can run via Docker Compose or Kubernetes. 
+
+#### Key Features
+Protocols: OIDC/OAuth2, SAML, LDAP, SMTP, RADIUS, etc. (Supports many auth protocols out-of-the-box).
+SSO and Multi-Tenant: Designed for single-sign-on and multi-organization use. Can serve multiple applications and organizations from one instance.
+Extensible Workflows: Fully customizable authentication flows using YAML templates. You can script multi-step login flows, dynamic MFA requirements, etc.
+User Federation: Built-in connectors for LDAP/AD and external identity providers (works as an identity broker).
+MFA and Security: Supports multi-factor (TOTP, WebAuthn), conditional access, single logout, and risk-based access policies.
+UI Customization: The admin UI and end-user portal can be branded and customized.
+Open Source: Available under a permissive license; the core project is free and open source.
+
+#### Pros
+Extremely flexible and extensible – you can define custom rules and complex SSO flows, which is ideal for enterprise environments.
+Fully self-hosted with no MAU fees – you retain full control over your data and auth logic.
+Regularly updated; has an active community (16k GitHub stars github.com).
+Free core version has robust features; enterprise edition adds support and some advanced connectors (unlike purely permissive open source, but core remains free).
+
+#### Best Use Case
+Organizations needing a full-featured SSO/IDaaS replacement for Okta/Auth0. Authentik shines in complex setups: federating with LDAP/AD, requiring SAML integration, or custom login policies. It’s great for internal tooling and B2B scenarios where you need centralized auth for many apps. It’s also suitable for startups who want enterprise features without vendor lock-in.
+
+🐙 **GitHub:** goauthentik/authentik (Apache-2.0/MIT dual license) – “open-source Identity Provider” emphasizing flexibility.
+
+***
+
+### 3. Keycloak
+
+Keycloak, a Red Hat-sponsored project, is a mature open-source Identity and Access Management (IAM) system. It advertises itself as an “open source identity and access management” solution. The official site says: “Keycloak provides user federation, strong authentication, user management, fine-grained authorization, and more”.
+
+In practice, Keycloak offers comprehensive features for single-sign-on (SSO), social login, multi-tenancy, and token-based auth. It comes with an admin console and user account console out of the box. 
+
+#### Key Features
+* **Single Sign-On (SSO):** Centralized login for multiple applications. Once a user logs into Keycloak, they don’t need to log into each app again.
+* **Identity Brokering:** Easily connect to social identity providers (Google, Facebook, GitHub, etc.) or enterprise IdPs (Microsoft Entra, Okta) for login.
+* **User Federation:** Integrate with external user databases like LDAP or Active Directory so you don’t duplicate users.
+* **Standard Protocols:** Full support for OpenID Connect (OIDC), OAuth2, and SAML 2.0.
+* **Admin Console:** Web-based UI to manage users, roles, clients (applications), and configure realms (multi-tenancy).
+* **Account Console:** UI for end users to manage their profile, password, and 2FA (it supports TOTP and OTP).
+* **Fine-Grained Authorization:** Built-in support for Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) and Policy-based permissions.
+* **Extensibility:** Custom themes, event listeners, and provider SPI for custom logic.
+* **Clustering and Scalability:** Can run in cluster mode for high availability (using Infinispan cache, etc.).
+* **Open License:** Apache-2.0 license, active community, and widely deployed in enterprises.
+
+#### Pros
+* **Very mature and feature-rich** – handles nearly all enterprise auth use cases.
+* **Active community** and commercial support (Red Hat).
+* **Free to self-host with full features** (no MAU limits).
+* **Rich documentation** and many integration examples (Keycloak just works with many frameworks).
+* **Multi-tenancy** via “Realms” allows partitioning by project or client.
+
+#### Best Use Case
+Ideal for organizations that require full-blown IAM/CIAM (Customer Identity and Access Management) capabilities: enterprise SSO, complex user federation, or fine-grained RBAC. Also good for projects that want an on-prem alternative to AWS Cognito/Auth0 with enterprise features. Keycloak is well-suited for scenarios where performance and scalability are critical (it can handle millions of users if tuned properly).
+
+🐙 **GitHub:** keycloak/keycloak (Apache-2.0) – “Add authentication with minimum effort, Keycloak provides user federation, strong authentication, user management, fine-grained authorization…”
+
+***
+
+### 4. Ory Kratos
+
+Ory Kratos is an open-source, headless identity and user management system built in Go by the Ory team. The GitHub description calls it “the developer-friendly, security-hardened and battle-tested identity, user management and authentication system for the Cloud”.
+
+Kratos is API-first (headless), meaning it provides all the back-end auth flows (registration, login, account recovery, MFA) via REST APIs. It does not ship a UI, so developers integrate it into their apps or use Ory’s built-in login/UIs. 
+
+#### Key Features
+Self-Service Flows: Kratos provides full user flows (email/password, registration, account recovery, MFA enrollment, profile updates) via APIs. You host or build the front-end.
+Passwordless and Passkeys: Supports OTP-based passwordless logins and WebAuthn/passkeys.
+Social/OAuth2: While Kratos handles identity and credentials, Ory’s Hydra (OAuth2 provider) or built-in social providers can handle external logins.
+Multi-Factor Auth: Built-in support for TOTP, WebAuthn (biometric/passkeys), and one-time codes.
+Privacy and Security: Stores hashed credentials securely, and its design emphasizes zero trust (fine-grained session and credential management).
+Cloud-Native: Stateless API server, easily deployable in Kubernetes or other cloud environments.
+Multi-Tenancy: Separate identities and flows per application can be configured.
+Open License: Apache-2.0, actively developed (Kratos is part of the Ory ecosystem alongside Oathkeeper and Keto).
+
+#### Pros
+Very flexible (headless API means you can build custom UIs or use their React libraries).
+Passkeys and modern auth are first-class citizens.
+Suitable for complex B2C auth needs (e-commerce, SaaS) where you need full control of flows.
+Ory has commercial support and hosted service (the Ory Network) if needed, but Kratos itself is free.
+Designed to scale (the backend is stateless aside from database state).
+
+#### Best Use Case
+Great for developers building custom front-ends (web/mobile) who want a robust auth back-end API. For example, a team building a React/Next.js app with its own design for login screens, but needing strong security (passkeys, MFA) and self-hosted control. Also fits use-cases requiring API access tokens (Kratos + Hydra for OAuth2). It’s ideal if you don’t mind wiring up the front-end and want a modern, cloud-native identity server.
+
+🐙 **GitHub:** ory/kratos (Apache-2.0) – “Kratos is the developer-friendly, security-hardened and battle-tested Identity, User Management and Authentication system…”
+
+***
+
+### 5. Firebase (Open-Source Wrappers: Supabase, Appwrite)
+
+While Google’s Firebase Authentication is proprietary, there are open-source alternatives that replicate its ease-of-use and features: notably Supabase and Appwrite. Supabase bills itself as “an open source Firebase alternative”.
+
+It offers a bundled Postgres database, instant REST/GraphQL APIs, and a complete auth system (email/password, OAuth, etc.). Appwrite is an open-source backend-as-a-service with modules for Authentication, Databases, Functions, and Storage, all self-hostable. 
+
+#### Key Features (Supabase/Auth):
+Email/Password & Magic Links: Supports standard sign-up and login with email, as well as passwordless magic link logins.
+OAuth Logins: Built-in social logins (Google, GitHub, Twitter, etc.).
+User Roles and Policies: Role-based access and row-level security policies at the database level.
+Realtime and Storage: Bonus: real-time subscriptions on your DB and file storage, useful if you also need those features.
+Open Source: Supabase Auth is MIT licensed and can be self-hosted (it’s a collection of open-source components like Gotrue for auth).
+Quick Start: It’s easy to spin up with Docker or use the hosted service (which is free-tier friendly).
+Key Features (Appwrite/Auth):
+Multiple Auth Methods: Email/password, OAuth providers (GitHub, Google, Facebook, 30+), phone/SMS login, anonymous, magic link, email OTP, JWT, custom tokens, and more.
+Multi-Factor Auth: Appwrite has built-in MFA support (TOTP and SMS) and also allows custom MFA via “custom tokens”.
+Permissions and Teams: Every user has a permissions object; supports teams/groups (multi-tenancy) and labels for managing user access.
+Multiplatform SDKs: Clients for Web, Flutter, iOS, Android, etc.
+Open License: BSD-3-Clause license on GitHub, community-backed (48k stars).
+UI Kits: Offers web SDKs and UI components to speed up integration (though not as seamless as Clerk).
+
+#### Pros
+Integrated Backend: Both provide a rich ecosystem (database, storage, functions) that can accelerate development beyond auth alone.
+Ease of Use: Similar developer experience to Firebase – quick setup and hosting options. Supabase especially is often praised for its docs and APIs that feel modern.
+Open & Self-Hosted: You can deploy them in your own VPC or server. No user limits on self-hosted instances.
+Active Projects: Large communities (Supabase: 80k stars supabase.com, Appwrite: 48k stars appwrite.io) and rapid feature development.
+
+#### Best Use Case
+If you’re building a new app and want Firebase-like capabilities without vendor lock-in, both Supabase and Appwrite are compelling. Use Supabase if you prefer a SQL/Postgres model, want instant APIs, and rely on row-level security for multi-tenant data. Use Appwrite if you want a JSON/NoSQL-like approach and built-in support for team accounts and roles. In both cases, these platforms shine in quick MVP builds or projects where you need a complete backend suite. They’re less suitable if you only want a slim authentication microservice (they come with more than just auth). 
+
+🐙 **GitHub:** 
+* supabase/supabase (MIT) – “the open source Firebase alternative” supabase.com
+* appwrite/appwrite (BSD-3-Clause) – open-source dev platform with Auth, Databases, Storage, Functions
+
+## How SuperTokens Compares as a Clerk Alternative
+
+SuperTokens is completely open-source and modular, meaning you take what you need, and leave unnecessary features behind.
+
+Below are some core strengths of SuperTokens in comparison to Clerk and similar services:
+
+* **Passwordless Authentication Support:** SuperTokens has built-in recipes for passwordless logins (magic links or one-time codes) as well as traditional email/password flows. This makes it easy to implement secure passwordless UX (a big advantage for conversion) without external vendors.
+* **Robust Session Management:** Unlike some simple JWT solutions, SuperTokens provides a secure session system with automatic refresh tokens and CSRF protection. This means developers get a battle-tested session layer (cookie-based by default) without writing custom token refresh logic.
+* **Self-Hosting and Extensibility:** You can run SuperTokens on your own servers or any cloud environment. Its components (called “recipes”) are open source, so you can extend them or even fork the code for special needs. This is in stark contrast to Clerk’s closed cloud service. By hosting yourself, you also avoid monthly user billing and remain in control of your data and compliance requirements.
+* **Developer Experience:** SuperTokens offers client and server SDKs (React, Node/Express, Next.js, etc.) to integrate quickly. There are CLI tools and clear docs for setup. For example, the Node.js + React quickstart below illustrates how to initialize SuperTokens on both backend and frontend:
+
+```javascript 
+// Node.js (Express) backend
+const supertokens = require('supertokens-node');
+const Session = require('supertokens-node/recipe/session');
+const EmailPassword = require('supertokens-node/recipe/emailpassword');
+
+supertokens.init({
+  framework: "express",
+  supertokens: { connectionURI: "https://try.supertokens.io" },
+  appInfo: {
+    appName: "My App",
+    apiDomain: "http://localhost:3001",
+    websiteDomain: "http://localhost:3000",
+    apiBasePath: "/auth",
+    websiteBasePath: "/auth"
+  },
+  recipeList: [ EmailPassword.init(), Session.init() ]
+});
+
+const express = require('express');
+const app = express();
+app.use(supertokens.middleware());
+app.use(supertokens.errorHandler());
+app.listen(3001, () => console.log("Backend running on port 3001"));
+```
+
+```javascript
+// React frontend
+import React from 'react';
+import SuperTokens from 'supertokens-auth-react';
+import Session from 'supertokens-auth-react/recipe/session';
+import EmailPassword from 'supertokens-auth-react/recipe/emailpassword';
+
+// Configure SuperTokens
+SuperTokens.init({
+  appInfo: {
+    appName: "My App",
+    apiDomain: "http://localhost:3001",
+    websiteDomain: "http://localhost:3000",
+    apiBasePath: "/auth",
+    websiteBasePath: "/auth"
+  },
+  recipeList: [ EmailPassword.init(), Session.init() ]
+});
+
+function App() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      {/* Your app UI; SuperTokens provides pre-built login/signup components */}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+export default App;
+```
+
+This example sets up an Express server with SuperTokens (email/password and session recipes) and initializes the React SDK. The end result is a working auth system in minutes, with all the stateful logic handled by SuperTokens. 
+
+In summary, SuperTokens offers an open-source, drop-in replacement for Clerk’s main features. It handles passwordless and social auth, user sessions, and can be deployed anywhere. 
+
+The trade-off is that your team must run the service (or use SuperTokens’ cloud) and maintain it, but you gain transparency, extensibility, and typically lower costs for large user counts.
+
+## Technical Considerations When Replacing Clerk
+
+Switching from a managed service like Clerk to an open-source alternative requires careful planning. Here are some key considerations:
+
+### Migration of User Data and Sessions
+Clerk users and sessions won’t automatically port over. You may need to migrate user records (often by exporting credentials or resetting passwords in the new system) and re-establish sessions. If moving between different session token formats (e.g. Clerk cookies to SuperTokens sessions), you may need to invalidate old sessions. Evaluate how to map Clerk’s user schema (fields, hashing algorithms) to the new system’s schema.
+
+### OAuth and Identity Providers
+If your app uses social logins (Google, GitHub, etc.) or corporate SSO through Clerk, you’ll need to reconfigure these providers in the new platform. Obtain new OAuth client IDs/secrets if needed. Make sure callback URLs and scopes match.
+
+### Database and Backend Integration
+Open-source solutions typically allow you to choose your database (Postgres, MySQL, etc.) for storing users. You may need to set up a new auth database and connect it to your app. Also, check how session tokens or cookies are validated on your backend (middleware might change).
+
+### Feature Gaps
+Ensure the alternative has all the features you need. For example, if you rely on Clerk’s Teams/Organizations feature, pick a system with multi-tenancy. If you have a custom email template or password policy, verify the new system can support it.
+
+### Open Source Maintenance
+A key risk of going open-source is self-maintenance. “Self-hosted solutions offer greater control ... but require dedicated technical resources for maintenance, development and security updates”.You’ll need to handle uptime, apply patches, and possibly debug issues yourself or via community support. Weigh this against Clerk’s managed convenience.
+
+### Compatibility
+Check framework support. If you use Next.js or React (where Clerk has polished components), ensure the alternative has comparable SDK support or UI components. All the options above have Node/JS libraries, but some (like Ory Kratos) are more backend-focused and require building the front-end UIs.
+
+### Environment and DevOps
+Confirm that your deployment environment can run the solution. For example, Keycloak and Authentik can be run via Docker or Kubernetes, while SuperTokens and Supabase often have lightweight Docker deployments. Make sure secrets (API keys, SMTP creds) and scaling concerns are addressed.
+
+### License and Vendor Lock-in
+While moving off Clerk removes lock-in to a single vendor, check the new license (Apache/MIT/BSD are permissive; AGPL is copyleft and may require open-sourcing your app). All listed options use permissive licenses, but double-check if any enterprise editions introduce restrictions.
+
+### Training and Documentation
+Your team will need to learn the new platform’s concepts. Allocate time to read documentation and possibly adapt your code. The benefit is you can also inspect code if something is unclear.
+
+Overall, replacing Clerk with an open-source system requires work, but it can pay off in flexibility and cost savings. Plan your migration step-by-step, test in staging, and roll out gradually (e.g., dual-running both systems until confident).
+
+## Conclusion
+Clerk is a polished, developer-friendly auth solution, but many teams are increasingly turning to open-source alternatives to avoid vendor lock-in and high user-based costs. We’ve covered five of the most notable options in 2025: SuperTokens, Authentik, Keycloak, Ory Kratos, and open-source Firebase-like platforms Supabase and Appwrite. 
+
+Each has its own strengths: SuperTokens for modularity and modern features; Authentik and Keycloak for enterprise SSO and user federation; Ory Kratos for headless, API-driven identity; and Supabase/Appwrite for an all-in-one BaaS experience. 
+
+When choosing an alternative, consider the factors above: required auth features (passwordless, MFA, social logins), session and user management capabilities, self-hosting needs, licensing, and community health. For example, if you simply need easy database and auth hosting, Supabase or Appwrite might be ideal. If you need maximum control and customization, SuperTokens or Keycloak could be better. 
+
+SuperTokens stands out as a strong open-source option that balances ease-of-use with customization. It supports passwordless login, robust session management, and can be deployed anywhere, all under a permissive Apache license.
+
+However, evaluating your specific project needs is crucial: smaller teams might prefer a managed cloud solution (even if open source under the hood), while larger organizations might absorb the overhead of running their own auth servers. 
+
+In summary, there are now mature open-source alternatives to Clerk for every scale and use case. The choice hinges on your priorities: whether that’s complete control and transparency, specific features, or minimizing operational complexity. By weighing these criteria and testing the tools (for example, trying SuperTokens in a staging environment), you can select the best fit for your authentication needs in 2025.
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