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| 1 | +#include <bits/stdc++.h> |
| 2 | + |
| 3 | +using namespace std; |
| 4 | + |
| 5 | +const int N = 1e6 + 6, INF = 1e8 + 7; |
| 6 | + |
| 7 | +struct Edge { |
| 8 | + int from, to, cap, flow, index; |
| 9 | + Edge(int from, int to, int cap, int flow, int index) : |
| 10 | + from(from), to(to), cap(cap), flow(flow), index(index) {} |
| 11 | +}; |
| 12 | + |
| 13 | +struct Dinic { |
| 14 | + int N; |
| 15 | + vector<vector<Edge> > G; |
| 16 | + vector<Edge *> dad; |
| 17 | + vector<int> Q; |
| 18 | + |
| 19 | + Dinic(int N) : N(N), G(N), dad(N), Q(N) {} |
| 20 | + |
| 21 | + void AddEdge(int from, int to, int cap) { |
| 22 | + G[from].push_back(Edge(from, to, cap, 0, G[to].size())); |
| 23 | + if (from == to) G[from].back().index++; |
| 24 | + G[to].push_back(Edge(to, from, 0, 0, G[from].size() - 1)); |
| 25 | + } |
| 26 | + |
| 27 | + long long BlockingFlow(int s, int t) { |
| 28 | + fill(dad.begin(), dad.end(), (Edge *) NULL); |
| 29 | + dad[s] = &G[0][0] - 1; |
| 30 | + |
| 31 | + int head = 0, tail = 0; |
| 32 | + Q[tail++] = s; |
| 33 | + while (head < tail) { |
| 34 | + int x = Q[head++]; |
| 35 | + for (int i = 0; i < G[x].size(); i++) { |
| 36 | + Edge &e = G[x][i]; |
| 37 | + if (!dad[e.to] && e.cap - e.flow > 0) { |
| 38 | + dad[e.to] = &G[x][i]; |
| 39 | + Q[tail++] = e.to; |
| 40 | + } |
| 41 | + } |
| 42 | + } |
| 43 | + if (!dad[t]) return 0; |
| 44 | + |
| 45 | + long long totflow = 0; |
| 46 | + for (int i = 0; i < G[t].size(); i++) { |
| 47 | + Edge *start = &G[G[t][i].to][G[t][i].index]; |
| 48 | + int amt = INF; |
| 49 | + for (Edge *e = start; amt && e != dad[s]; e = dad[e->from]) { |
| 50 | + if (!e) { amt = 0; break; } |
| 51 | + amt = min(amt, e->cap - e->flow); |
| 52 | + } |
| 53 | + if (amt == 0) continue; |
| 54 | + for (Edge *e = start; amt && e != dad[s]; e = dad[e->from]) { |
| 55 | + e->flow += amt; |
| 56 | + G[e->to][e->index].flow -= amt; |
| 57 | + } |
| 58 | + totflow += amt; |
| 59 | + } |
| 60 | + return totflow; |
| 61 | + } |
| 62 | + |
| 63 | + int find(int v) { |
| 64 | + for (auto & e : G[v]) { |
| 65 | + if (e.flow > 0) { |
| 66 | + --e.flow; |
| 67 | + if (e.to == N-2) { |
| 68 | + return v; |
| 69 | + } else { |
| 70 | + return find(e.to); |
| 71 | + } |
| 72 | + } |
| 73 | + } |
| 74 | + return -1; |
| 75 | + } |
| 76 | + |
| 77 | + long long GetMaxFlow(int s, int t) { |
| 78 | + long long totflow = 0; |
| 79 | + while (long long flow = BlockingFlow(s, t)) |
| 80 | + totflow += flow; |
| 81 | + return totflow; |
| 82 | + } |
| 83 | +}; |
| 84 | + |
| 85 | +vector<int> g[N]; |
| 86 | +set<int> dag[N]; |
| 87 | + |
| 88 | +int elem[N], scc = 0, num[N], low[N], vis[N], tmpt = 0, group[N]; |
| 89 | + |
| 90 | +bool starting[N]; |
| 91 | + |
| 92 | +vector<int> nodes; |
| 93 | + |
| 94 | +void dfs(int v) { |
| 95 | + nodes.push_back(v); |
| 96 | + num[v] = low[v] = tmpt++; |
| 97 | + vis[v] = true; |
| 98 | + for (int u : g[v]) { |
| 99 | + if (num[u] == -1) { |
| 100 | + dfs(u); |
| 101 | + } |
| 102 | + if (vis[u]) { |
| 103 | + low[v] = min(low[v], low[u]); |
| 104 | + } |
| 105 | + } |
| 106 | + if (num[v] == low[v]) { |
| 107 | + elem[scc] = v; |
| 108 | + while (true) { |
| 109 | + int w = nodes.back(); |
| 110 | + nodes.pop_back(); |
| 111 | + group[w] = scc; |
| 112 | + vis[w] = false; |
| 113 | + if (w == v) |
| 114 | + break; |
| 115 | + } |
| 116 | + ++scc; |
| 117 | + } |
| 118 | +} |
| 119 | + |
| 120 | +int match[N]; |
| 121 | + |
| 122 | +int main() { |
| 123 | + int n, m; |
| 124 | + scanf("%d %d", &n, &m); |
| 125 | + for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) { |
| 126 | + int u, v; |
| 127 | + scanf("%d %d", &u, &v); |
| 128 | + --u, --v; |
| 129 | + g[u].push_back(v); |
| 130 | + } |
| 131 | + memset(num, -1, sizeof num); |
| 132 | + for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { |
| 133 | + if (num[i] == -1) { |
| 134 | + dfs(i); |
| 135 | + } |
| 136 | + } |
| 137 | + fill(starting, starting + scc, true); |
| 138 | + for (int v = 0; v < n; ++v) { |
| 139 | + for (int u : g[v]) { |
| 140 | + if (group[u] != group[v]) { |
| 141 | + dag[group[v]].insert(group[u]); |
| 142 | + starting[group[u]] = false; |
| 143 | + } |
| 144 | + } |
| 145 | + } |
| 146 | + Dinic mf(scc + 2); |
| 147 | + int source = scc, sink = source + 1; |
| 148 | + for (int v = 0; v < scc; ++v) { |
| 149 | + if (starting[v]) |
| 150 | + mf.AddEdge(source, v, 1); |
| 151 | + if (dag[v].empty()) |
| 152 | + mf.AddEdge(v, sink, 1); |
| 153 | + for (int u : dag[v]) { |
| 154 | + mf.AddEdge(v, u, scc); |
| 155 | + } |
| 156 | + } |
| 157 | + vector<int> bef(scc, -1); |
| 158 | + vector<int> aft(scc, -1); |
| 159 | + vector<int> din(scc, 0); |
| 160 | + for (int v = 0; v < scc; ++v) { |
| 161 | + for (int u : dag[v]) { |
| 162 | + ++din[u]; |
| 163 | + } |
| 164 | + } |
| 165 | + vector<int> topo; |
| 166 | + iota(bef.begin(), bef.end(), 0); |
| 167 | + iota(aft.begin(), aft.end(), 0); |
| 168 | + for (int v = 0; v < scc; ++v) { |
| 169 | + if (din[v] == 0) { |
| 170 | + topo.push_back(v); |
| 171 | + } |
| 172 | + } |
| 173 | + for (int v : topo) { |
| 174 | + for (int u : g[v]) { |
| 175 | + --din[u]; |
| 176 | + if (din[u] == 0) |
| 177 | + topo.push_back(u); |
| 178 | + } |
| 179 | + } |
| 180 | + for (int v : topo) { |
| 181 | + for (int u : dag[v]) { |
| 182 | + bef[u] = bef[v]; |
| 183 | + } |
| 184 | + } |
| 185 | + for (int i = (int)topo.size()-1; i >= 0; --i) { |
| 186 | + int v = topo[i]; |
| 187 | + for (int u : dag[v]) { |
| 188 | + aft[v] = aft[u]; |
| 189 | + } |
| 190 | + } |
| 191 | + memset(match, -1, sizeof match); |
| 192 | + vector<pair<int, int>> seg; |
| 193 | + mf.GetMaxFlow(source, sink); |
| 194 | + for (auto & e : mf.G[source]) { |
| 195 | + if (e.flow > 0) { |
| 196 | + int res = mf.find(e.to); |
| 197 | + assert(res != -1); |
| 198 | + match[e.to] = res; |
| 199 | + match[res] = e.to; |
| 200 | + seg.emplace_back(e.to, res); |
| 201 | + } |
| 202 | + } |
| 203 | + for (int i = 0; i < scc; ++i) { |
| 204 | + if (dag[i].empty() && match[i] == -1) { |
| 205 | + seg.emplace_back(bef[i], i); |
| 206 | + } else if (starting[i] && match[i] == -1) { |
| 207 | + seg.emplace_back(i, aft[i]); |
| 208 | + } |
| 209 | + } |
| 210 | + sort(seg.begin(), seg.end()); |
| 211 | + seg.erase(unique(seg.begin(), seg.end()), seg.end()); |
| 212 | + if (seg.size() == 0) { |
| 213 | + puts("0"); |
| 214 | + return 0; |
| 215 | + } |
| 216 | + if (seg.size() == 1 && seg[0].first == seg[0].second) { |
| 217 | + puts("0"); |
| 218 | + return 0; |
| 219 | + } |
| 220 | + printf("%d\n", (int)seg.size()); |
| 221 | + seg.push_back(seg[0]); |
| 222 | + for (int i = 0; i + 1 < (int)seg.size(); ++i) { |
| 223 | + printf("%d %d\n", elem[seg[i].second]+1, elem[seg[i+1].first]+1); |
| 224 | + } |
| 225 | + return 0; |
| 226 | +} |
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