refactor: construct show index results through table schema

[zhongzc]

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Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

What's changed and what's your intention?

Construct the show index results in a more direct way.

PR Checklist

Please convert it to a draft if some of the following conditions are not met.

• I have written the necessary rustdoc comments.
• I have added the necessary unit tests and integration tests.
• This PR requires documentation updates.
• API changes are backward compatible.
• Schema or data changes are backward compatible.

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[zhongzc]

[killme2008]

Why do we need to refactor in this way? In fact, show statement is just an extension for querying information_schema.

[zhongzc]

Why do we need to refactor in this way? In fact, show statement is just an extension for querying information_schema.

Some column schema information, I did not find a suitable placement in the key_column_usage, so it is difficult to retrieve from the `key_column_usage.

[killme2008]

Why do we need to refactor in this way? In fact, show statement is just an extension for querying information_schema.

Some column schema information, I did not find a suitable placement in the key_column_usage, so it is difficult to retrieve from the `key_column_usage.

We can extend the table columns just like partitions. greptime_partition_id

https://docs.greptime.com/reference/sql/information-schema/partitions