[CALCITE-6685] There is no support for checked arithmetic

[mihaibudiu]

This implementation adds support for checked arithmetic in Calcite.
This solves some bugs which are at least 12 years old in Calcite, such as FNL_25.
This implementation only handles pure arithmetic. Aggregates are not handled currently, but using the existing framework it should become very easy.

The core idea is as follows:

• add a set of checked arithmetic operators to StdSqlOperatorTable. There are five: plus, minus, divide, times, and unary minus.
• add a new boolean property to the SqlConformance API: checkedArithmetic().
• if this property is true, the Prepare class will use a RelShuttle/RexShuttle to replace all arithmetic operations with their checked counterparts.

The handling of Decimals is a bit different: there is not checked arithmetic for decimals, but casts to decimals perform overflow checking. As such, casts to decimals may not be elided from the program even if they seem noops (the input type matches the output type).

[mihaibudiu]

This design is based on a discussion on the mailing list. Many thanks to all the people who helped drive this design.

[sonarcloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
13 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
85.1% Coverage on New Code
2.5% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

[caicancai]

This design is based on a discussion on the mailing list. Many thanks to all the people who helped drive this design.

Looks really cool. Could you please post the link to the discussion on the mailing list so people can know the whole story?

[mihaibudiu]

This is the email thread: https://lists.apache.org/[email protected]:2024-10:checked

[caicancai]

This is the email thread: https://lists.apache.org/[email protected]:2024-10:checked

Thanks. I'm busy with work recently, I will review this PR on the weekend