Upgrade golang version to 1.24

[cmaglie]

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• Tests for the changes have been added (for bug fixes / features)
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• configuration.schema.json updated if new parameters are added.

What kind of change does this PR introduce?

As per subject.

What is the current behavior?

What is the new behavior?

Does this PR introduce a breaking change, and is titled accordingly?

Other information

[cmaglie]

Could not upgrade due to this:

2025-02-27T10:35:36.7331257Z Installing platform opentracker:[email protected]...
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7334083Z Error during install: Cannot install platform: installing platform opentracker:[email protected]: extracting archive: Create file C:\Users\runneradmin\AppData\Local\Temp\cli2305421146\A\tmp\package-162356431\1.0.5\system\libsam\build_gcc\NUL: open C:\Users\runneradmin\AppData\Local\Temp\cli2305421146\A\tmp\package-162356431\1.0.5\system\libsam\build_gcc\NUL: Incorrect function.
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7336277Z �[90m<<< Run completed (err = exit status 1)�[0m
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7336881Z ##[endgroup]
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7337272Z     core_test.go:1367: 
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7338737Z         	Error Trace:	D:/a/arduino-cli/arduino-cli/internal/integrationtest/core/core_test.go:1367
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7339517Z         	Error:      	Received unexpected error:
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7340073Z         	            	exit status 1
2025-02-27T10:35:36.7340628Z         	Test:       	TestCoreInstallWithWrongArchiveSize
2025-02-27T10:35:38.3263830Z --- FAIL: TestCoreInstallWithWrongArchiveSize (10.14s)

There is a regression in golang 1.24.0: golang/go#71752, we need to wait for go1.24.1.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 67.87%. Comparing base (7271e0a) to head (9ef0272).
Report is 1 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #2850      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   67.86%   67.87%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         238      238              
  Lines       22412    22412              
==========================================
+ Hits        15209    15212       +3     
+ Misses       6007     6005       -2     
+ Partials     1196     1195       -1     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	67.87% <ø> (+0.01%)	⬆️

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