cc-index-annotations

Common Crawl's datasets are all random access -- you can use an index to efficiently process a subset of the data, if you don't want all of it.

Index annotations are a mechanism for one organization to create a database table that can be joined to Common Crawl's columnar url index or host index. Then they or another organization can use the resulting joined index.

As an example, perhaps you're interested in content on the web that has Creative Commons licenses -- that's currently less than 0.1% of all of the content on the web. In this scenario, you'd like to use a list of webpages -- labeled by someone else -- to extract just the CC licensed content. That is a an annotation table, joined against our url index, followed by an extraction of content.

Alternately, you might be interested in investigating which web hosts have a lot of Creative Commons-licensed data. That is an aggregation of url-level information to a host level, and then a join against our host index. Then you could use additional information from the host index, such as host ranks or the percentage of languages, to examine which web hosts have a lot of Creative Commons licensed content in a particular language.

More examples of annotations

• URL quality indications from the ClueWeb22 dataset, Nemotron-CC, FineWeb
• robots.txt information, such as how often robots.txt files are changed on web hosts
• Alternative language identifications (the standard index only has CLD2)

(None of these are currently available in a form that can easily be joined.)

Understanding the "join" column(s)

A database join needs to use one or more keys. For better or worse, the usual practice in web archiving is little unusual. For applications like the Wayback Machine, the important fields in the url index are the URL, and the time it was crawled. There is a unique ID named WARC-Record-ID, but it is not traditionally included in indexes. Also, the URL is usually indexed in the SURT form, which drops the leading www and reverses the order of the parts of the hostname:

• example.com/README -> com,example)/README
• www.exmaple.com/README -> com,example)/README
• www.com -> com,www)/

For the host index, the primary key is the hostname part of the SURT:

• example.com -> com,example
• www.example.com -> com,example
• www.com -> com,www

In both cases (url index, host index) the data tables are Hive sharded by crawl, e.g. CC-MAIN-2025-18.

If you only have a list of urls (e.g. FineWeb), then you'll have to decide for yourself what time range you'd like the annotation to apply to.

'left join' jargon

These tools consider the url index or host index the "left" database, and the annotation database is joined to the left database using a LEFT OUTER JOIN. This means that any row in the annotation that does not match the "left" database will not appear in the result. The choice "left" instead of "right" is totally arbitrary.

Annotation tool

This repo contains tools that join an index with an annotation, runs a query, and saves the output to a csv file. The configuration of the index, annotation, and query are all contained in yaml files. The index and annotation can be on local disk or on AWS.

In the following example, the index is our host index, and the annotation is taken from our web graph, and contains the columns surt_host_name, webgraph_outdegree, and webgraph_indegree.

The YAML configuration files are:

• left_local_host_index.yaml
• left_web_host_index.yaml
• join_local_outin.yaml
• join_web_outin.yaml
• action_surt_host_name.yaml
• action_like_surt_host_name.yaml

To run the python code, you'll need to install a few things in your virtual environment:

pip install -r requirements.txt

If you want to use "web", you'll need to download some necessary files:

make host-index-paths.gz webgraph-outin-paths.gz

Here are example command lines:

• python annotate.py left_local_host_index.yaml join_local_outin.yaml action_surt_host_name.yaml commoncrawl.org
• python annotate.py left_web_host_index.yaml join_web_outin.yaml action_surt_host_name.yaml commoncrawl.org
• python annotate.py left_local_host_index.yaml join_local_outin.yaml action_like_surt_host_name.yaml .commoncrawl.org
• python annotate.py left_web_host_index.yaml join_web_outin.yaml action_like_surt_host_name.yaml .commoncrawl.org

And example csv output:

"surt_host_name","crawl","hcrank10","webgraph_outdegree","webgraph_indegree"
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2021-49",4.718,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2022-05",4.718,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2022-21",4.86,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2022-27",4.86,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2022-33",4.86,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2022-40",4.847,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2022-49",4.847,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2023-06",4.847,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2023-14",5.003,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2023-23",5.003,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2023-40",5.003,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2023-50",4.773,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-10",4.954,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-18",4.879,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-22",4.872,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-26",4.982,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-30",5.085,291,1746
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-33",4.928,274,1654
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-38",5.101,288,1608
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-42",5.067,294,1624
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-46",4.974,307,1710
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2024-51",4.83,329,1588
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2025-05",4.967,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2025-08",4.973,330,1682
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2025-13",4.962,,
"org,commoncrawl","CC-MAIN-2025-18",4.845,310,1721

TODOS

• copy script that joins an index and annotation and outputs the result to local disk