Update ProtoBuf to 33.0 and apply build patch

[Lord-Grey]

Summary

• Update ProtoBuf to 33.0 and apply build patch as a workaround for ( Fix target build file for atomic protocolbuffers/protobuf#24068 )
• Address git warnings

What kind of change does this PR introduce? (check at least one)

• Bugfix
• Feature
• Code style update
• Refactor
• Docs
• Build-related changes
• Other, please describe:

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Does this PR introduce a breaking change? (check one)

• Yes
• No

If yes, please describe the impact and migration path for existing setups:

The PR fulfills these requirements:

• When resolving a specific issue, it's referenced in the PR's body (e.g. Fixes: #xxx[,#xxx], where "xxx" is the issue number)

If adding a new feature, the PR's description includes:

• A convincing reason for adding this feature
• Related documents have been updated (docs/docs/en)
• Related tests have been updated

PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO ADD YOUR CHANGES TO CHANGELOG.MD

• Yes, CHANGELOG.md is also updated

To avoid wasting your time, it's best to open a feature request issue first and wait for approval before working on it.

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