Use the VM’s IP address on the same subnet as the host OS. #4175

norio-nomura · 2025-10-10T09:31:33Z

pkg/hostagent: Detect the VM’s IP address on the same subnet as the host OS
pkg/hostagent: Add ~~GuestIPAddress~~GuestIP field to GET /v1/info endpoint`
pkg/hostagent/events: Add ~~GuestIPAddress string~~ GuestIP string field to Status
~~pkg/hostagent: Update all ssh execution to support SSH address other than "127.0.0.1"~~
already merged as pkg/hostagent: Update all ssh execution to support SSH address other than "127.0.0.1" #4241
Support port forwarding via direct access to guest IP
~~Support static port forwarding via direct access to guest IP~~
Add test using default.yaml with --network=vzNAT
Add the _LIMA_DIRECT_IP_PORT_FORWARDER environment variable to enable direct IP port forwarding to the VM

pkg/hostagent/api/api.go

norio-nomura · 2025-10-11T08:59:15Z

Now, SSH port forwarding works via accessing guest IP directly.
iperf3 comparison:

edited: benchmark result is updated at #4175 (comment), following details are obsoleted.

- SSH port forwarding over direct IP ```console $ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1 Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5201 [ 5] local 127.0.0.1 port 62915 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5201 [ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate [ 5] 0.00-1.00 sec 518 MBytes 4.32 Gbits/sec ... [ 5] 9.00-10.00 sec 650 MBytes 5.45 Gbits/sec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - [ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate [ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 6.07 GBytes 5.22 Gbits/sec sender [ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 6.07 GBytes 5.21 Gbits/sec receiver

iperf Done.

- Direct IP
```console
$ iperf3 -c 192.168.64.3
Connecting to host 192.168.64.3, port 5201
[  5] local 192.168.64.1 port 62913 connected to 192.168.64.3 port 5201
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-1.01   sec  2.76 GBytes  23.6 Gbits/sec                  
...
[  5]   9.01-10.01  sec  2.82 GBytes  24.2 Gbits/sec                  
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.01  sec  28.1 GBytes  24.1 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-9.99   sec  28.1 GBytes  24.1 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

SSH port forwarding over VSOCK

$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5201
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 62929 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5201
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-1.00   sec   294 MBytes  2.46 Gbits/sec                  
...
[  5]   9.00-10.01  sec   301 MBytes  2.52 Gbits/sec                  
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.01  sec  2.94 GBytes  2.52 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.14  sec  2.94 GBytes  2.49 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

norio-nomura · 2025-10-11T09:34:14Z

port forward via socat

edited: benchmark result is updated at #4175 (comment), following details are obsoleted.

$ socat TCP-LISTEN:5202,fork TCP:192.168.64.3:5201&
$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1 -p 5202
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5202
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 63300 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5202
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-1.01   sec  1.14 GBytes  9.72 Gbits/sec                  
...
[  5]   9.01-10.01  sec  1.16 GBytes  9.95 Gbits/sec                  
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.01  sec  11.6 GBytes  9.93 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.01  sec  11.6 GBytes  9.93 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.
2025/10/11 18:30:02 socat[15240] E write(5, 0x78f040000, 8192): Broken pipe

Will limactl also be able to go this far?

norio-nomura · 2025-10-12T06:33:50Z

`iperf3` comparison

Access method	sender	receiver
GRPC forwarder	2.88	2.89
SSH forwarder	2.31	2.31
SSH forwarder over VSOCK	3.67	3.66
[New] SSH fwrdr via vzNAT	8.76	8.75
[New] Forwarder via vzNAT	22.0	22.0
(e.g.) `socat` via vzNAT	8.93	8.93
(e.g.) Direct IP via vzNAT	40.6	40.6
		Gbits/sec

How to measure

Setup

MacBook Pro 14 inch, 2023
cpu: Apple M2 Pro
mem: 16GB

$ sw_vers
ProductName:		macOS
ProductVersion:		26.0.1
BuildVersion:		25A362
$ limactl --version
limactl version 2.0.0-alpha.2-89-gcc08d051
$ limactl start template://ubuntu --name test --containerd=none --log-level error
$ yes|limactl shell test DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive sudo apt-get -U install -qqq -y iperf3 &>/dev/null

GRPC port forwarder

$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5201
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 57887 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5201
...
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  3.36 GBytes  2.88 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-9.97   sec  3.36 GBytes  2.89 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

SSH port forwarder

$ LIMA_SSH_PORT_FORWARDER=true LIMA_SSH_OVER_VSOCK=false limactl restart test --log-level error
$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5201
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 57958 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5201
...
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  2.69 GBytes  2.31 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.01  sec  2.69 GBytes  2.31 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

SSH port forwarder over VSOCK

$ LIMA_SSH_PORT_FORWARDER=true LIMA_SSH_OVER_VSOCK=true limactl restart test --log-level error
$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5201
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 57970 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5201
...
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  4.27 GBytes  3.67 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  4.27 GBytes  3.66 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

[NEW] SSH port forwarder via vzNAT

$ limactl stop test --log-level error
$ LIMA_SSH_PORT_FORWARDER=true limactl start test --log-level error --network vzNAT
$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5201
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 58015 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5201
...
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  10.2 GBytes  8.76 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  10.2 GBytes  8.75 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

[NEW] Port forwarder via vzNAT

$ limactl restart test --log-level error
$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5201
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 58025 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5201
...
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  25.7 GBytes  22.0 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  25.6 GBytes  22.0 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

(e.g.)P `socat` via vzNAT

$ socat TCP-LISTEN:5202,fork TCP:192.168.64.2:5201&
$ iperf3 -c 127.0.0.1 -p 5202
Connecting to host 127.0.0.1, port 5202
[  5] local 127.0.0.1 port 58136 connected to 127.0.0.1 port 5202
...
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  10.4 GBytes  8.93 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.00  sec  10.4 GBytes  8.93 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.
2025/10/12 14:54:15 socat[24552] E write(5, 0x8dac10000, 8192): Broken pipe

(e.g.) Direct IP via vzNAT

$ limactl list test
NAME    STATUS     SSH                VMTYPE    ARCH       CPUS    MEMORY    DISK      DIR
test    Running    192.168.64.2:22    vz        aarch64    4       4GiB      100GiB    ~/.lima/test
$ iperf3 -c 192.168.64.2
Connecting to host 192.168.64.2, port 5201
[  5] local 192.168.64.1 port 58127 connected to 192.168.64.2 port 5201
...
[ ID] Interval           Transfer     Bitrate
[  5]   0.00-10.01  sec  47.3 GBytes  40.6 Gbits/sec                  sender
[  5]   0.00-10.01  sec  47.3 GBytes  40.6 Gbits/sec                  receiver

iperf Done.

norio-nomura · 2025-10-12T11:06:54Z

It seems that #3715 is related to the failure of the test using w3m in CI, but I want to know what to do.

norio-nomura · 2025-10-12T13:30:17Z

Some tests failed because that requires forwarding port on 127.0.0.1 in the guest.
That cannot be supported by port forwarding to direct IP on the guest.

norio-nomura · 2025-10-12T14:05:25Z

It seems that #3715 is related to the failure of the test using w3m in CI, but I want to know what to do.

Fixed by reverted to "github.com/containers/gvisor-tap-vsock/pkg/tcpproxy"

norio-nomura · 2025-10-13T05:32:36Z

Some tests failed because that requires forwarding port on 127.0.0.1 in the guest. That cannot be supported by port forwarding to direct IP on the guest.

Changed to check if guest IP is a direct accessible IP or unspecified when using port forwarding to a direct IP.

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-14T03:15:58Z

.github/workflows/test.yml

      run: brew install bash coreutils w3m socat
    - name: Uninstall qemu
      run: brew uninstall --ignore-dependencies --force qemu
+    - name: "Allow limactl to firewall"


Please add the reason as a comment line.
Is this needed for all the port forwards, or just for a particular test?

Sorry, it's test.
Changed to draft.

I can't resolve error on https://github.com/lima-vm/lima/actions/runs/18483981814/job/52663789633#step:11:532
The failure was recorded in ha.stderr.log as:

2025/10/14 03:06:50 tcpproxy: for incoming conn 127.0.0.1:49276, error dialing "0.0.0.0:3022": dial tcp 192.168.65.1:0->192.168.65.2:3022: connect: no route to host

I guessed "no route to host" was caused by firewall, but it seems to be different.
🤔

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-14T03:51:17Z

[New] Forwarder via vzNAT 22.0 22.0

Is this gRPC forwarder?

norio-nomura · 2025-10-14T03:56:20Z

Is this gRPC forwarder?

No, it's using tcpproxy.DialProxy with DialContextToGuestIP as DialContext.

norio-nomura · 2025-10-15T03:21:59Z

I can't reproduce "connect: no route to host" errors on dialing with local Macs that are mentioned in #4175 (comment)
The test-port-forwarding.pl test passed on local Macs:

macOS 26.0.1 with Apple M2
macOS 13.7.8 with Intel

Firewall state seems not to affect the errors.

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-27T07:04:33Z

Is this still draft ?

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-27T17:56:23Z

website/content/en/docs/config/environment-variables.md

+### `_LIMA_DIRECT_IP_PORT_FORWARDER`
+
+- **Description**: Specifies to use direct IP port forwarding instead of gRPC.
+- **Default**: `false`


Is this planned to be true in future? (That's why the variable starts with an underscore?)

Should this be marked as an experimental ?

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-27T17:57:06Z

website/content/en/docs/config/port.md


+### Direct IP Port Forwarding
+
+To enable direct IP port forwarding, set the `_LIMA_DIRECT_IP_PORT_FORWARDER` environment variable to `true`:


Should this be marked as an experimental ?

Also please document the version that supports this feature

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-27T17:59:26Z

website/content/en/docs/config/port.md


+### Direct IP Port Forwarding
+
+To enable direct IP port forwarding, set the `_LIMA_DIRECT_IP_PORT_FORWARDER` environment variable to `true`:


Before explaining how to "enable direct IP port forwarding", the document should explain what it is, w/ pros and cons

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-27T18:00:19Z

pkg/limatype/lima_instance.go

 	LimaVersion     string            `json:"limaVersion"`
 	Param           map[string]string `json:"param,omitempty"`
+	// Guest IP address directly accessible from the host.
+	GuestIP net.IP `json:"guestIP,omitempty"`


Maybe just call it IP ?

Suggested change

GuestIP net.IP `json:"guestIP,omitempty"`

IP net.IP `json:"ip,omitempty"`

I'll add HostAgent.HostIP to avoid HostAgent using 0.0.0.0 on binding Listener in the coming PR.
In that PR, Instance.HostIP will not be required, but I think it should keep this name for consistency.

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-27T18:03:18Z

.github/workflows/test.yml

      uses: ./.github/actions/upload_failure_logs_if_exists
      with:
-        suffix: ${{ matrix.template }}
+        suffix: ${{ matrix.template }}${{ matrix.create_arg }}


needs matrix.additional_env too?

norio-nomura · 2025-10-29T05:58:08Z

I'll rewrite to remove HostAgent.detectGuestIfnameOnSameSubnetAtHost().

norio-nomura · 2025-10-29T06:40:54Z

I'll rewrite to remove HostAgent.detectGuestIfnameOnSameSubnetAtHost().

done

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-30T05:24:08Z

Thanks, LGTM after updating the docs

AkihiroSuda · 2025-10-30T05:58:41Z

pkg/hostagent/hostagent.go

+			}
+			var dialContext func(ctx context.Context, network string, guestAddress string) (net.Conn, error)
+			if useDirectIPPortForwarding {
+				logrus.Warn("Direct IP Port forwarding is enabled. It may fall back to GRPC Port Forwarding in some cases.")


This should also support falling back to SSH ?

Probably we should rather remove the env var and define the YAML to specify the candidates of the forwarder implementation per protocols (TCP, UDP, ...)

portForwarderTypes: tcp: [direct, ssh] udp: none

Similar to:

Implement "Dual" port forwarder (SSH for TCP, GRPC for UDP) #4210 (except the default values)

Probably we have no time to cover this in v2.0, so let me postpone this PR to v2.1+, sorry

…ost OS. Guest IP address will be detected in requirement process. `hostagent.go`: - Add fields to `HostAgent` - `guestIfnameOnSameSubnetAsHost string` - `guestIPv4 net.IP` - `guestIPv6 net.IP` - Add methods `GuestIP()`, `GuestIPv4()`, and `GuestIPv6()` to `HostAgent` - Add `HostAgent.WriteSSHConfigFile()` helper to write SSHConfigFile - Add `HostAgent.sshAddressPort()` helper to provide ipAddress and port for SSH `requirements.go`: - Add `stdoutParser func(string) error` field to `requirement` - Add `HostAgent.detectGuestIfnameOnSameSubnetAtHost()` to parse `ip -j neighbor` command output - Add `HostAgent.detectGuestIPAddress()` to parse `ip -j addr` command output - Add two requirements to `HostAgent.essentialRequirements()` - "detect guest interface on same subnet as the host" - "detect guest IPv4 address" - "detect guest IPv6 address" Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> # Conflicts: # pkg/hostagent/hostagent.go pkg/hostagent: Remove `HostAgent.detectGuestIfnameOnSameSubnetAtHost()` Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

Update to use guestIPAddress: - `limactl shell` - `limactl show-ssh` - `limactl tunnel` pkg/limatype: - Add `GuestIP net.IP` to `Instance` - Add `Instance.SSHAddressPort()` helper to provide ipAddress and port for SSH Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

Support printing "Guest IP Address: %s" on `limactl start` Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> # Conflicts: # pkg/hostagent/requirements.go

Change to use `github.com/inetaf/tcpproxy`: - pkg/driver/vz/vsock_forwarder.go - pkg/portfwd/client.go - pkg/portfwdserver/server.go pkg/portfwd: - Use `dialContext` instead of `client` to use `net.Conn` other than `GrpcClientRW`. - Change to create proxies from `dialContext` parameters instead of `conn`. - Add `DialContextToGRPCTunnel()` to return `DialContext` function that connects to GRPC tunnel. pkg/hostagent: - Add `HostAgent.DialContextToGuestIP()` to return `DialContext` function that connects to the guest IP directly. If the guest IP is not known, it returns nil. - Prefer `HostAgent.DialContextToGuestIP()` over `portfwd.DialContextToGRPCTunnel()`. Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> pkg/hostagent: Use `HostAgent.DialContextToGuestIP()` if the IP is accessible directly. Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> Revert to "github.com/containers/gvisor-tap-vsock/pkg/tcpproxy" Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> # Conflicts: # pkg/hostagent/hostagent.go pkg/hostagent: Aware forwarding guest address is IPv4 or IPv6 Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> pkg/hostagent: Fallback to GRPC forwarder if dialing to a direct ip fails Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> # Conflicts: # pkg/hostagent/hostagent.go

…work=vzNAT` Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

To following tests will be run with enabled. Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

…rt-forwarding.pl` Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

…ariable to enable direct IP port forwarding to the VM. ### Direct IP Port Forwarding To enable direct IP port forwarding, set the `_LIMA_DIRECT_IP_PORT_FORWARDER` environment variable to `true`: ```bash export _LIMA_DIRECT_IP_PORT_FORWARDER=true ``` This feature makes Lima to use direct IP port forwarding instead of gRPC port forwarding. When this feature is enabled, Lima tries to connect to the guest's IP address directly for port forwarding. #### Fallback to gRPC Port Forwarding Lima may fall back to gRPC port forwarding in the following cases: - If the guest's IP address is not available, Lima falls back to gRPC port forwarding. - If the guest's IP address is available but the connection to the guest's IP address fails, Lima also falls back to gRPC port forwarding. - If the guest's IP address is not accessible from the host (e.g. localhost on guest), Lima falls back to gRPC port forwarding as well. Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

…sts other than macOS Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

norio-nomura force-pushed the Detect-the-VMs-IP-address-on-the-same-subnet-as-the-host-OS branch from 9c6d7cb to 912ed32 Compare October 10, 2025 10:01

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norio-nomura changed the title ~~[WIP] Use the VM’s IP address on the same subnet as the host OS.~~ Use the VM’s IP address on the same subnet as the host OS. Oct 11, 2025

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portfwdserver: consolidate bicopy and tcpproxy packages into one #3715

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Revisit the default port forwarder for Lima v2.0 #4074

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pkg/hostagent: Update all ssh execution to support SSH address other than "127.0.0.1" #4241

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norio-nomura added 10 commits October 30, 2025 17:50

pkg/hostagent/events: Add GuestIP net.IP field to Status

a070687

Support printing "Guest IP Address: %s" on `limactl start` Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]> # Conflicts: # pkg/hostagent/requirements.go

.github/workflows/test.yml: Add test using default.yaml with `--net…

846c4fd

…work=vzNAT` Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

hack/test-port-forwarding.pl: print cmd in guest

e9f3a76

Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

hack/test-templates.sh: Change order of LIMA_SSH_OVER_VSOCK tests

a3ec535

To following tests will be run with enabled. Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

hack/test-templates.sh: Print routing table before executing `test-po…

4516937

…rt-forwarding.pl` Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

pkg/hostagent: Add "Skipping the guest IP address detection..." on ho…

7bb3eb4

…sts other than macOS Signed-off-by: Norio Nomura <[email protected]>

norio-nomura force-pushed the Detect-the-VMs-IP-address-on-the-same-subnet-as-the-host-OS branch from 759b2ad to 7bb3eb4 Compare October 30, 2025 08:50


		### Direct IP Port Forwarding

		To enable direct IP port forwarding, set the `_LIMA_DIRECT_IP_PORT_FORWARDER` environment variable to `true`:

	GuestIP net.IP `json:"guestIP,omitempty"`
	IP net.IP `json:"ip,omitempty"`

Use the VM’s IP address on the same subnet as the host OS. #4175

Are you sure you want to change the base?

Use the VM’s IP address on the same subnet as the host OS. #4175

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norio-nomura commented Oct 12, 2025

iperf3 comparison

Setup

GRPC port forwarder

SSH port forwarder

SSH port forwarder over VSOCK

[NEW] SSH port forwarder via vzNAT

[NEW] Port forwarder via vzNAT

(e.g.)P socat via vzNAT

(e.g.) Direct IP via vzNAT

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norio-nomura commented Oct 29, 2025

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norio-nomura commented Oct 10, 2025 •

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norio-nomura commented Oct 11, 2025 •

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norio-nomura commented Oct 11, 2025 •

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`iperf3` comparison

(e.g.)P `socat` via vzNAT

AkihiroSuda Oct 14, 2025 •

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