Enforce in bootstrap that test must have stage at least 1 (except for compiletest)

[Kobzol]

This PR cleans up a bunch of test steps and adds metadata to them. I didn't yet touch the most complicated step (CompileTest), I'm leaving that for another PR.

Testing anything on stage 0 is only possible for compiletest and with build.allow-compiletest-stage0. Testing anything else on stage 0 will either produce a nice error or crash with a stage being subtracted below zero.

r? @jieyouxu

try-job: dist-x86_64-linux
try-job: aarch64-gnu
try-job: arm-android
try-job: x86_64-gnu-llvm-20*
try-job: x86_64-msvc-*
try-job: aarch64-apple
try-job: test-various

[rustbot]

This PR modifies src/bootstrap/src/core/config.

If appropriate, please update CONFIG_CHANGE_HISTORY in src/bootstrap/src/utils/change_tracker.rs.

[Kobzol]

@bors try

[Kobzol]

@bors try

[rust-bors]

💔 Test for 06dca67 failed: CI. Failed jobs:

• try - aarch64-apple (web logs, extended logs)
• try - aarch64-gnu (web logs, extended logs)
• try - arm-android (web logs, extended logs)
• try - dist-x86_64-linux (web logs, extended logs)
• (and 8 other jobs)

[Kobzol]

@bors try

[rust-bors]

💔 Test for 71ba459 failed: CI. Failed jobs:

• try - aarch64-apple (web logs, extended logs)
• try - aarch64-gnu (web logs, extended logs)
• try - arm-android (web logs, extended logs)
• try - dist-x86_64-linux (web logs, extended logs)
• (and 8 other jobs)

[rust-bors]

💔 Test for 5ebce18 failed: CI. Failed jobs:

• try - x86_64-gnu-llvm-20-1 (web logs, extended logs)

[bors]

☔ The latest upstream changes (presumably #145871) made this pull request unmergeable. Please resolve the merge conflicts.

[rustbot]

This PR was rebased onto a different master commit. Here's a range-diff highlighting what actually changed.

Rebasing is a normal part of keeping PRs up to date, so no action is needed—this note is just to help reviewers.

[Kobzol]

@bors try

[rust-log-analyzer]

The job x86_64-gnu-llvm-20-3 failed! Check out the build log: (web) (plain enhanced) (plain)

Click to see the possible cause of the failure (guessed by this bot)

error: cannot find attribute `sanitize` in this scope
##[error] --> lint_example.rs:4:28
  |
4 | #[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), sanitize(address = "off"))]
  |                            ^^^^^^^^


error[E0635]: unknown feature `sanitize`
##[error] --> lint_example.rs:1:37
  |
1 | #![cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), feature(sanitize))]
  |                                     ^^^^^^^^


error: aborting due to 2 previous errors

---



This error was generated by the lint-docs tool.
This tool extracts documentation for lints from the source code and places
them in the rustc book. See the declare_lint! documentation
https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint_defs/macro.declare_lint.html
for an example of the format of documentation this tool expects.

To re-run these tests, run: ./x.py test --keep-stage=0 src/tools/lint-docs
The --keep-stage flag should be used if you have already built the compiler
and are only modifying the doc comments to avoid rebuilding the compiler.

Bootstrap failed while executing `--stage 1 test --skip src/tools/tidy`
Command `/checkout/obj/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage1-tools-bin/lint-docs --build-rustc-stage 0 --src /checkout/compiler --out /checkout/obj/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/md-doc/rustc/src/lints --rustc /checkout/obj/build/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/stage0/bin/rustc --rustc-target x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu --validate` failed with exit code 1
Created at: src/bootstrap/src/core/build_steps/tool.rs:1548:23
Executed at: src/bootstrap/src/core/build_steps/doc.rs:1325:13

Command has failed. Rerun with -v to see more details.
Build completed unsuccessfully in 1:17:39
  local time: Tue Aug 26 16:43:11 UTC 2025
  network time: Tue, 26 Aug 2025 16:43:11 GMT
##[error]Process completed with exit code 1.
Post job cleanup.

[rust-bors]

💔 Test for 8c76ec5 failed: CI. Failed jobs:

• try - x86_64-gnu-llvm-20-3 (web logs, extended logs)